1、Designation: E2533 16aStandard Guide forNondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Usedin Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2533; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides in
3、formation to help engineers selectappropriate nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to charac-terize aerospace polymer matrix composites (PMCs). Thisguide does not intend to describe every inspection technology.Rather, emphasis is placed on established NDT methods thathave been developed into consens
4、us standards and that arecurrently used by industry. Specific practices and test methodsare not described in detail, but are referenced. The referencedNDT practices and test methods have demonstrated utility inquality assurance of PMCs during process design andoptimization, process control, after ma
5、nufacture inspection,in-service inspection, and health monitoring.1.2 This guide does not specify accept-reject criteria and isnot intended to be used as a means for approving compositematerials or components for service.1.3 This guide covers the following established NDT meth-ods as applied to PMCs
6、:Acoustic Emission (AE, 7), ComputedTomography (CT, 8), Leak Testing (LT, 9), RadiographicTesting, Computed Radiography, Digital Radiography, andRadioscopy (RT, CR, DR, RTR, 10), Shearography (11), StrainMeasurement (contact methods, 12), Thermography (13), Ul-trasonic Testing (UT, 14), and Visual T
7、esting (VT, 15).1.4 The value of this guide consists of the narrative descrip-tions of general procedures and significance and use sectionsfor established NDT practices and test methods as applied toPMCs. Additional information is provided about the use ofcurrently active standard documents (an emph
8、asis is placed onapplicable standard guides, practices, and test methods ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing), geometryand size considerations, safety and hazards considerations, andinformation about physical reference standards.1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standarddocuments
9、, there are recognized NDT specialists that arecertified in accordance with industry and company NDTspecifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be apart of any composite component design, quality assurance,in-service maintenance or damage examination.1.6 This guide summarizes the applica
10、tion of NDT proce-dures to fiber- and fabric-reinforced polymeric matrix compos-ites. The composites of interest are primarily, but not exclu-sively limited to those containing high modulus (greater than20 GPa (3106psi) fibers. Furthermore, an emphasis is placedon composites with continuous (versus
11、discontinuous) fiberreinforcement.1.7 This guide is applicable to PMCs containing but notlimited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide),polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting andthermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide),polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic),
12、 poly(phenylenesulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron,carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers.1.8 The composite materials considered herein include uni-axial laminae, cross-ply laminates, angle-ply laminates, andstructural sandwich constructions. The composite compone
13、ntsmade therefrom include filament-wound pressure vessels,flight control surfaces, and various structural composites.1.9 For current and potential NDT procedures for findingindications of discontinuities in the composite overwrap infilament-wound pressure vessels, also known as compositeoverwrapped
14、pressure vessels (COPVs), refer to Guide E2981.1.10 For a summary of the application of destructiveASTMstandard practices and test methods (and other supportingstandards) to continuous-fiber reinforced PMCs, refer to GuideD4762.1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Th
15、e values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the appli
16、ca-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on SpecializedNDT Methods.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved
17、in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E253316. DOI:10.1520/E2533-16a.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on sta
18、ndardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD47
19、62 Guide for Testing Polymer Matrix Composite Mate-rialsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE2981 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of the CompositeOverwraps in Filament Wound Press
20、ure Vessels Used inAerospace Applications2.2 ASNT Standard:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing32.3 ASTM Adjuncts:Curing Press Straining Block (13 Drawings)43. Terminology3.1 AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations are ad-opted in t
21、his guide: Acoustic Emission (AE), ComputedRadiography (CR), Computed Tomography (CT), Digital Ra-diography (DR), Leak Testing (LT), Radiographic Testing(RT),Radioscopy (RTR), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT).3.2 DefinitionsDefinitions of terms related to NDT ofaerospace composites which appear in Termin
22、ology E1316 andTerminology D3878 shall apply to the terms used in the guide.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 aerospaceany component that will be installed on asystem that flies.3.3.2 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,government agency, or other authority responsib
23、le for thedesign, or end use, of the system or component for which NDTis required. This, in addition to the design personnel, mayinclude personnel from engineering, materials and processengineering, stress analysis, NDT, or quality groups and other,as appropriate.3.3.3 composite materialsee Terminol
24、ogy D3878.3.3.4 composite componenta finished part containingcomposite material(s) that is in its end use applicationconfiguration, and which has undergone processing,fabrication, and assembly to the extent specified by thedrawing, purchase order, or contract.3.3.5 composite shella multilayer filame
25、nt-winding thatcomprises a second shell that reinforces the inner shell. Thecomposite shell consists of continuous fibers, impregnated witha matrix material, wound around the inner shell, and cured inplace. The number of layers, fiber orientation, and compositeshell thickness may vary from point-to-
26、point.3.3.6 disbondsee Terminology D3878.3.3.7 filament wound pressure vesselan inner shell over-wrapped with composite layers that form a composite shell.The inner shell or liner may consist of an impervious metallicor nonmetallic material. The vessel may be cylindrical orspherical and will have at
27、 least one penetration with valveattachments for introducing and holding pressurized liquids orgases.3.3.8 in-servicerefers to composite components that havecompleted initial fabrication and are in use (or in storage) fortheir intended function.3.3.9 microcrackinvisible cracks (15) aspect ratios.A d
28、igitized cross-sectional CT-density map(tomogram) of the articleunder test. Allows full,three dimensional CT-density maps to beobtained for sufficientlysmall composite parts.Tooling and/or part-handling fixtures may berequired.Leak Testing Any composite materialor component acrosswhich a differentia
29、lpressure exists andwhere through-leakageor in-leakage of product,air, water vapor, or othercontaminant over theprojected service life areof concern.Less ambiguous thanliquid penetrant testing;more sensitive than AEor UT.Test equipment costsincrease as the requiredleak test sensitivityincreases.Qual
30、itative indications,for example bubbles, orquantitativemeasurements, forexample, detectordeflections, thatascertain the presenceor location, orconcentration or leakrate of a leaking fluid.Different techniques areavailable forcharacterization of largeleaks (with rates as highas 10-2Pa m3s-1(10-1std c
31、m3s-1) and smallleaks (rates less than10-5Pa m3s-1(10-4stdcm3s-1).Radiography,Computed Radiography,Radiography with DigitalDetector Arrays,RadioscopyPrimarily detects sub-surface imperfections ordiscontinuities such asporosity sometimes possible fromdigital images aftercalibration or withadditional
32、X-rayexposures from differentdirections.Projected area anddensity variation ofsubsurface imperfectionsor discontinuities.Part may need to bemoved to an X-ray lab;Film RT requires filmstorage and disposal ofchemicals which can beexpensive. Digitaltechniques (CR, DDA)are usually faster.Radiation safet
33、y. Inradioscopy, radiationsafety more problematicif a moving source isused, versus movementof part.E2533 16a4accordance with the referenced documents in this guide, theengineering drawing, specification, purchase order, or contractshall indicate the acceptance criteria.5.3.1 Accept/reject criteria s
34、hall consist of a listing of theexpected kinds of imperfections and the rejection level foreach.TABLE 2 ContinuedNDT Method Applications Advantages LimitationsWhat Is Seenand Reported?Other ConsiderationsShearography Detects subsurfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities orchanges in modulus orout-of-pla
35、ne deformation.Well suited for highspeed, automatedinspection in productionenvironments.Subsurface imperfectionor discontinuity must besufficiently large tocause measurablesurface deformationunder load. Surfacecondition, especiallyglossiness, can interferewith accurateshearographic detection,thus re
36、quiring the use ofsurface dulling agents(exception: thermalshearography).An interference patterncreated by subtracting orsuperimposing images ofthe article under testtaken before and afterloading, thus revealinglocalized strainconcentrations.Additional equipment isrequired to determinesurface deriva
37、tive slopechanges, and thus usesthe method as aquantitative tool.Strain Measurement Can be used to measurestatic and dynamictensile and compressivestrain, as well asshearing, Poisson,bending, and torsionalstrains.Relatively inexpensive,and less bulky and betterresolution thanextensometers (canachiev
38、e an overallaccuracy of better than 0.10% strain).Individual strain gaugescannot be calibrated andare susceptible tounwanted noise andother sources of errorsuch as expansion orcontraction of the strain-gauge element, changein the resistivity, andhysteresis and creepcaused by imperfectbonding.The out
39、put of aresistance measuringcircuit is expressed inmillivolts output per voltinput.Depending on desiredsensitivity, resistance todrift, insensitivity totemperature variations,or stability of installation,a variety of straingauges are available (forexample, semiconductorwafer sensors, metallicbonded
40、strain gauges,thin-film and diffusedsemiconductor straingauges).Thermography Detects disbonds,delaminations, voids,pits, cracks, inclusions,and occlusions,especially in thin articlesunder test having lowthermal conductivity, lowreflectivity/high emissivitysurfaces, and inmaterials which dissipateene
41、rgy efficiently,Quick observation oflarge surfaces andidentification of regionsthat should be examinedmore carefully.Composites havetemperature limitsbeyond whichirreversible matrix andfiber damage can occur.Imperfection ordiscontinuity detectiondepends on orientationof an imperfection ordiscontinui
42、ty relative tothe direction of heatflow. In thicker materials,only qualitativeindications ofimperfections ordiscontinuities arepossible.The areal temperaturedistribution is measuredby mapping contours ofequal temperature(isotherms), thus yieldinga heat emission patternrelated to surface andsubsurfac
43、e defects.Both contact (requiresapplication of a coating)and noncontact methods(relies on detection ofinfrared blackbodyradiation) are available.Thermography is eitherpassive or active, activethermography can befurther subdivided intopulse or lock-intechniques.Ultrasonic Testing Detects sub-surfacei
44、mperfections ordiscontinuities. There aretwo primary techniques;pulse echo for one sidedinspections and throughtransmission for twosided inspections.Detects sub-surfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities includingporosity, inclusions, anddelaminations.Requires a relatively flatand smooth surface.Materia
45、l type can affectinspectability.Imperfections ordiscontinuities aredirectly recorded onamplitude images.Possible fluidentrapment; possiblefluid absorption intoporous materials such ascomposites. Numeroustechniques availableincluding longitudinal,shear or surface waves.Attenuation can becomparatively
46、 high inPMCs compared tometallic articles.Visual Testing Detects disruptions onsurfaces being viewed.Low cost. Detect surfaceimperfections ordiscontinuities includingdelaminations, fiberbreakage, impactdamage.Requires direct line ofsight.Imperfections ordiscontinuities aredirectly recorded oninspect
47、iondocumentationsometimes photographs.Can find imperfections ordiscontinuities on insidediameters if a centralconductor can beinserted and satisfactoryelectrical contact made.E2533 16a55.3.2 The classification of the articles under test into zonesfor various accept/reject criteria shall be determine
48、d fromcontractual documents.5.3.3 Rejection of Composite ArticlesIf the type, size, orquantities of defects are found to be outside the allowablelimits specified by the drawing, purchase order, or contract, thecomposite article shall be separated from acceptable articles,appropriately identified as
49、discrepant, and submitted for mate-rial review by the cognizant engineering organization, anddispositioned as (1) acceptable as is, (2) subject to furtherrework or repair to make the materials or componentacceptable, or (3) scrapped when required by contractualdocuments.5.3.4 Acceptance criteria and interpretation of result shallbe defined in requirements documents prior to performing theexamination. Advance agreement should be reached betweenthe purchaser and supplier regarding the interpretation of theresults of the examinations. All discontinuities having signalst
