1、Designation: E2558 13Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from Fires inWood-Burning Fireplaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2558; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
3、wood fires in low mass wood-burning fireplaces. The fuelingand operating protocol for determining particular matter emis-sions from masonry or other high mass fireplaces is covered inAnnex A1 of this test method.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values give
4、n in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
5、ppro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel2.2 NI
6、ST Document:3Monograph 175 Temperature-Electromotive Force Refer-ence Functions and Tables for the Letter-DesignatedThermocouple Types Based on the ITS-903. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.
7、1 base of fireplace, nthe lowest part of the fireplaceassembly that would normally be in contact with the floor ofthe dwelling or structure in which it is installed.3.2.2 Douglas fir, nuntreated, standard, or better gradeDouglas fir lumber with agency grade stamp: D. Fir or DouglasFir.3.2.3 firebox,
8、 nthe volume within the fireplace where logsare burned.3.2.4 first fuel crib, nthe first fuel load (including fuelpieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on the residualfuel from the kindling brands. The specific configuration isdescribed in 9.3.5.1.3.2.5 fuel piece, n24or44wood pieces used
9、toconstruct fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width anddepth dimensions for commonly available dimensional lumber.The actual dimensions are 112 312 in. (38 89 mm) and 312312 in. (89 89 mm).3.2.6 grate, nany device included with the fireplace orspecified by the fireplace manufacturer for the pu
10、rpose ofelevating the fuel load above the hearth or for constraining fuelpieces from falling outside the intended burning area, or both.This includes basket grates and andirons.3.2.7 hearth, nthe footprint of the fireplace firebox.3.2.8 kindling brands, nthe initial fuel load or loadsplaced above cr
11、umpled newspaper to initiate combustion in thefireplace and to establish a charcoal bed that will become theignition source for subsequent fuel loads. These are comprisedof fuel strips separated by air spaces. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.4.3.2.9 low mass fireplace, nany fireplace a
12、nd attachedchimney that can be weighed (including the weight of the testfuel) on a platform scale that meets the requirements asspecified in 7.3 and 8.2.3.2.10 nominal fuel length, nthe Nominal Fuel Length(NFL) is one of five incremental nominal fuel piece lengthsthat simulates real-world firewood f
13、ive piece lengths. Theselengths are 16 in. (406 mm), 18 in. (457 mm), 20 in. (508 mm),22 in. (559 mm), and 24 in. (610 mm). The NFL is used forboth the kindling brands and fuel cribs.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct respon
14、sibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved July 15, 2013. Published August 2013. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2558 09. DOI:10.1520/E2558-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
15、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/w
16、ww.nist.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.11 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test Meth
17、odE2515.3.2.12 second fuel crib, nthe second fuel load (includingfuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placed on theresidual fuel from the first fuel crib. The specific configurationis described in 9.3.5.2.3.2.13 spacers, nwood pieces used to hold individual fuelpieces together when construc
18、ting the three fuel cribs. Theirfunction is to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and airspaces between fuel pieces, as well as to hold the fuel cribstogether (with nails).3.2.14 standardized fuel retainer, nany fireplace thatdoesnt include or specify a grate as defined in 3.2.6 shall usea stan
19、dardized fuel retainer during testing. These retainers shallinclude vertical fuel retainer bars that are made from0.75 0.75 in. (19 19 mm) steel square bar or 0.75 in.(19 mm) diameter round steel bar and shall be 8 6 2 in.(200 6 50 mm) high. They shall be attached to a steel platethat projects towar
20、d the front of the fireplace and shall notinterfere with any fireplace function. They shall be spaced sothey are 12 612 in. (300 6 13 mm) apart. Their purpose is toprevent fuel from rolling or falling forward during testing, thushelping to prevent an aborted test. (See Fig. 1.)3.2.15 test facility,
21、nthe area in which the tested fireplaceis installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.3.2.16 third fuel crib, nthe third and final fuel load(including fuel pieces and spacers to create air spaces) placedon the residual fuel from the second fuel crib. The specificconfiguration is described in 9.3.
22、5.3.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The fireplace under evaluation is fueled withkindling and cribs in a way that simulates fireplace operation inthe home. An algorithm that uses the specific configuration ofthe test fireplace, including he
23、arth and grate dimensions, isused to determine the kindling and fuel crib geometry anddimensions. Kindling brands are placed in the fireplace abovecrumpled newspaper and ignited. When the kindling brandshave burned to a certain point, the first fuel crib is placed on theremains of the kindling. When
24、 the first crib is substantiallyburned, the remaining material is adjusted as needed to form abase for the second crib. This process is repeated again beforeaddition of the third crib. The third crib is allowed to burn untilall flaming from volatile material in the fuel ceases, at whichpoint the tes
25、t is terminated. Burn rate is determined based onthe amount of fuel added less the amount remaining at the endof the test divided by the length of test and corrected to a dryfuel basis. Particulate sampling begins at the time of ignition ofthe newspaper and stops when the test terminates. The totalp
26、articulate emissions are determined over the test period. Theparticulate emissions factor is then determined from the totalemissions and the total amount of fuel burned and is reportedin grams of particulate per dry kilogram of fuel or grams ofparticulate per hour.4.2 If the test fireplace includes
27、standard (or offers optional)components that affect particulate emission performance andthat have more than one operating position or conditionallowed in the owners manual that accompanies the fireplace,separate emissions tests may be required for each of the variouspositions or conditions that are
28、allowed in the manual. Thismight include things like door open and door closed operation,for example. (See 9.4.14-9.4.16.)5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used for determining emissionfactors and emission rates for low mass wood-burning fire-places.5.1.1 The emission factor is useful f
29、or determining emissionperformance during product development.5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining compliance with emis-sion performance limits.5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air qualityregulatory community for determining impacts
30、 on air qualityfrom fireplaces, but must be used with caution as use patternsmust be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulatematter impacts from fireplaces based on results from thismethod.5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilo-gram of dry fuel and grams of particul
31、ate per hour.FIG. 1 Example, Standardized Fuel RetainerE2558 1325.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissionsfrom non-heating appliances: g/kg.5.2.2 Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmosphericemission impacts only if hours of fireplace use are factored in:g/h.6. Safety6.1 Disc
32、laimerThis test method may involve hazardousmaterials, operations, and equipment. This test method may notaddress all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and to determine theapplic
33、ability of regulatory limitations prior to performing thistest method.7. Equipment and Supplies7.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrated electrical resistancemeter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1 %moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.1.7.2 Test Fuel Scal
34、eAscale capable of weighing test fuel towithin 0.01 lb (0.005 kg). Must meet the calibration require-ments specified in 8.3.7.3 Platform ScaleA scale capable of weighing the testfireplace and attached chimney, including the weight of the testfuel, to within 0.1 lb (0.05 kg). Must meet the calibratio
35、nrequirements specified in 8.2.7.4 Fireplace Flue Gas Temperature MeasurementDeviceA 0.125 in. (3.2 mm) diameter sheathed, non-isolatedjunction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gastemperature with an accuracy of 4.0F (2.2C) or 0.75 % of thereading, whichever is greater and meeting the c
36、alibrationrequirements specified in 8.4.7.5 Fireplace Temperature Measuring DeviceA tempera-ture sensor capable of measuring firebox surface temperatureswith an accuracy of 4.0F (2.2C) or 0.75 % of the reading,whichever is greater and meeting the calibration requirementsspecified in 8.4.8. Calibrati
37、on and Standardization8.1 Wood Moisture MeterCalibrate as in accordance withthe manufacturers instructions before each certification test.8.2 Platform ScalePerform a multipoint calibration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the platformscale before its initial use. The scale man
38、ufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the test fireplace in place by weighingat least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale canno
39、t reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.1 lb (0.05 kg) or 1 % of the expected testfuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the scalebefore use with at least five calibration weights spanning theoperational range of the scale.8.3 Test Fuel ScalePerform a multipoint cali
40、bration (atleast five points spanning the operational range) of the test fuelscale before its initial use. The scale manufacturers calibrationresults are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certificationtest, audit the scale with the wood heater in place by weighingat least one calibration weig
41、ht (ASTM Class F) that corre-sponds to between 20 and 80 % of the expected test fuel chargeweight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-tion weight within 0.01 lb (0.005 kg) or1%oftheexpectedtest fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate thescale before use with at leas
42、t five calibration weights spanningthe operational range of the scale.8.4 Temperature SensorsTemperature measuring equip-ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance withNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mo
43、no-graph 175 Temperature-Electromotive Force Reference Func-tions and Tables for the Letter-Designated ThermocoupleTypes Based on the ITS-90.9. Procedure9.1 Preconditioning of the FireplacePrior to testing foremissions, the fireplace to be evaluated must be burned untilthe weight of the fireplace is
44、 stable to within 60.5 lb(60.25 kg) but for no less than 10 h for fireplaces withoutcatalytic combustors or no less than 48 h for fireplaces withcatalytic combustor(s). This may be done inside or outside thetest facility.9.1.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance with instructionsprovided by the manuf
45、acturer. The total height of chimneywhen measured from the base of the fireplace shall be 15 6 1ft(4.6 6 0.3 m).9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device atthe center of the flue, 8 6 0.3 ft (2.4 6 0.1 m) above the baseof the fireplace.9.1.3 Record the start time, fireplace weight, and
46、 flue gastemperature.9.1.4 Ignite a fire using newspaper and kindling and estab-lish an actively burning fire.Add more fuel as needed to sustainthe fire.NOTE 1Any type of untreated wood may be used for the precondi-tioning.9.1.5 Record the time and weight for all fuel added.9.1.6 Record the flue-gas
47、 temperature at least once duringeach 30 min of operation.9.1.7 Periodically allow the fire to burn down completely.While the fireplace is still warm, shovel out all residual fuel,ash and other debris, lift the fireplace off the scale, re-zero thescale and return the fireplace to scale. Record the e
48、mpty weightof the fireplace. Repeat this process of burning the fireplaceand determining the empty weight until the weight becomesstable in accordance to the requirements of 9.1.9.1.8 When the fireplace weight has stabilized or after atleast 10 h of preconditioning fires for fireplaces withoutcataly
49、tic combustors or at least 48 h of preconditioning fires forfireplaces with catalytic combustor(s), whichever is longer,record the ending time, total wood weight of wood burned, andtotal elapsed time of operation.E2558 1339.1.9 Allow the fireplace to cool to room temperature andremove all unburned wood, charcoal, ash, or other debris fromthe firebox.9.1.10 Clean the chimney using a standard chimney brushappropriately sized for the chimney.9.2 Install the fireplace in the test facility.9.2.1 Set up the fireplace in accordance
