1、Designation: E2574/E2574M 11An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of School Bus Seat Assemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2574/E2574M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method assesses the burning behavior ofupholste
3、red seating used in school buses by measuring specificfire-test responses when a school bus seat specimen is sub-jected to a specified flaming ignition source under normallyventilated conditions.1.3 The ignition source is a gas burner.1.4 This fire test is primarily useful to distinguish productstha
4、t, when exposed to an ignition source, will become fullyinvolved in fire from other products that will not.1.5 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior of theseat assemblies from a specific ignition source until all burninghas ceased.1.6 This test method does not provide information on thef
5、ire performance of upholstered seating in fire conditions otherthan those conditions specified.1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photo-graphic or video recordings, whenever possible.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard
6、. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or
7、 assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel a
8、nd property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bilit
9、y of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5132 Test Method for Horizontal Burning Rate of Poly-meric Materials Used in Occupant Compartments of MotorVehiclesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1590
10、Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-tation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesF1550 Test Method for Determination
11、 of Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Components or Composites ofMattresses or Furniture for Use in Correctional Facilitiesafter Exposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench ScaleOxygen Consumption CalorimeterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for MetricPractice2.2 National Safety Council
12、 Standard:3School bus seat upholstery fire block test, approved by theNational Conference on School Transportation as part ofthe National Standards for School Buses and NationalStandards for School Bus Operations2.3 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards:4FMVSS 222 School Bus Passenger Seating and C
13、rashProtection, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49,Transportation, Subtitle B, Chapter V, Part 571, Subpart B.FMVSS 302 Flammability of Interior Material, U.S. Codeof Federal Regulations, Title 49, Transportation, SubtitleB, Chapter V, Part 571, Subpart B2.4 NFPA Standard:51This test method
14、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.17 on Transporta-tion.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. DOI: 10.1520/E2574-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orco
15、ntact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Safety Council (NSC), 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca,IL 60143-3201, http:/www.nsc.org.4Available from Superinten
16、dent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
17、ed States.NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contri-bution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room FireGrowth3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method asso-ciated with fire issues, refer to the terminology contained inTerminology E176.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1
18、 screening test, nas related to fire, a fire-response testperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assem-bly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-related characteristics, (b) hascertain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable ofbeing preliminarily categorized according to the
19、 fire character-istic in question.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 newspaper, nas related to this test method, standardsize double sheets of newsprint, with black print and nocolored ink or surface treatment.3.3.2 paper bag, nas related to this test method, a bagconstructed o
20、f unbleached (brown, #30) kraft paper havingfour sides and a bottom, with an open top, and held togetherwith adhesive.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A mock-up of a school bus is constructed with threerows of actual seats.4.2 A gas burner ignition source is used.4.3 Each test consists of two trials. In
21、 each trial a gas burnerignition source is placed at a specified location to ignite themiddle row of seats and is ignited.4.4 A different gas burner is used for the top of the seat andfor the bottom of the seat.4.5 Once flame extinction has occurred, the time to flameextinction, the extent of fire s
22、pread (within the seat and to theother seats if applicable) and the mass loss of the seat areassessed.5. Significance and Use5.1 In this test method fire test response characteristics of aschool bus seat assembly are assessed following ignition by asquare gas burner.5.2 This test method is similar i
23、n concept to a fire testcurrently used, and which has been in such use for many years,as the industry standard for flammability testing of school busseats (see Appendix X1). However, in this test method thepaper bag has been replaced by a gas burner as the ignitionsource.5.3 The US federal governmen
24、t has issued a flammabilitytest applicable to interior materials in road vehicles, FM-VSS 302. FMVSS 302 remains the only regulatory test forassessing fire-test-response characteristics of school bus seats.5.4 ASTM has issued Test Method D5132 in order toprovide a more standardized way of conducting
25、 FMVSS 302.5.5 The test method described in this document provides asignificantly higher challenge to school bus seats than theFMVSS 302 federal regulatory test. Therefore, any seat assem-bly that performs acceptably in this test is likely to meet therequirements of FMVSS 302.5.6 It is clear that th
26、ose seat assemblies that exhibit little orno flame spread, short times to flame extinction and little massloss in this test are likely to exhibit improved performance inan actual fire situation compared to seat assemblies that burnvigorously and have high mass loss.5.7 This test is primarily useful
27、to distinguish products that,when exposed to these fire conditions, will become fullyinvolved in fire from other products that will not.6. Apparatus: Test Chamber6.1 GeneralThe test chamber shall be either an actualsection of a school bus or it shall comply with the cross sectionrequirements of 6.2.
28、2. Fig. 1 describes the test chamber.6.2 Cross Section:6.2.1 Use a test chamber that has the same cross section asthe body of an actual school bus, in which the seats areintended to be used, with a rear section on each end.6.2.2 The test chamber cross section shall be 2300 6 30 mm91 6 1 in. in width
29、 by 1900 6 80 mm 75 6 3 in. in height.6.3 The test chamber shall have a door, which is notintended for use to provide ventilation, in the center of eachend of the test chamber. The door shall be 970 6 80 mm 386 3 in. in width by 1270 6 80 mm 53 6 3 in. in height andit shall include a latch to keep t
30、he door closed during the test.See Fig. 1.6.4 LengthThe length of the test chamber shall be such asto allow three rows of seats at the minimum spacing recom-mended by the installer or as required by FMVSS 222. See Fig.1, Detail A.6.4.1 In order for different types of seats to be able to betested in
31、the same chamber, a length tolerance of plus 1140 mm45 in. shall be allowed.6.5 VentilationThere shall be two ventilation openings inthe test chamber, one at each end. Each opening shall have anopening area of 0.210 6 0.016 m2325 6 25 in.2. The bottomof the opening shall be 760 6 80 mm 30 6 3 in. ab
32、ove thechamber floor.6.5.1 There shall be no ventilation openings along thelength of the test chamber.6.5.2 There shall be no forced air ventilation system. Bafflesshall be used to prevent wind from blowing directly into theventilation openings.6.6 Camera View AreaA viewing area (such as an open-ing
33、 covered with a glazing material) shall be provided at themidpoint of the chamber length for camera viewing. Theopening shall allow the camera to view the seat parallel to theseat width. See Fig. 1.7. Ignition Sources7.1 Top of the Seat:7.1.1 For the top of the seat use the square gas burnerdescribe
34、d in Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.NOTE 1This is the same burner used in Test Method E1537.7.1.2 Construct the 250 6 10 by 250 6 10 mm approxi-mately 10 by 10 in. square burner of 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in.outside diameter stainless steel tubing, with 0.89 6 0.05 mm0.035 in. wall thickness (see Fig. 2). The fron
35、t side shall have14 holes pointing straight out and spaced 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in.E2574/E2574M 112apart and nine holes pointing straight down and spaced 13 6 1mm 0.5 in. apart. The right and left sides shall have six holespointing straight out and spaced 13 6 1 mm 0.5 in. apart andfour holes pointing inwa
36、rd at a 45 angle and spaced 50 6 2mm 2 in. apart. All holes shall be of 1 6 0.05 mm 0.039 in.diameter (see Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The straight arm of theburner shall be 1.07 6 0.05 m 42 in. long and welded on tothe rear of the front side (see Fig. 2) at a 30 angle. Mount theburner on an adjusta
37、ble height pole at a height of 460 6 13 mm18 6 0.5 in. and balance it by a counterweight or otherappropriate mechanism (see Fig. 4).NOTE 2WarningIt is common for the burner holes to becomeclogged up following a test. Inspect burner holes after each test, and cleanthoroughly, if required. Take care n
38、ot to enlarge the holes when cleaningthem.7.2 Under the Seat:7.2.1 For use underneath the seat the ignition source shall bea gas burner with a nominal 305 by 305 mm nominal 12 by 12in. porous top surface as shown in Fig. 5. This material,through which the gas is supplied, shall be a minimum 102 mm4
39、in. layer of white Ottawa sand used to provide thehorizontal surface through which the gas is supplied.NOTE 3This is the same burner used in Test Method E2257 and inNFPA 286.7.2.2 The top surface of the burner through which the gas isapplied shall be located horizontally 300 6 50 mm 12 6 2 in.above
40、the floor.7.3 For both ignition sources use propane gas, with a knownnet heat of combustion of 2050 6 50 kJ/mol, as a fuel for thisignition source. Meter the flow rate of propane and keep itconstant throughout the test.7.4 For both ignition sources, use the gas burner at a flowrate of 19.5 6 0.25 L/
41、min for a total of 120 s. Measure the gasflow rate at a pressure of 101 6 5 kPa (standard atmosphericpressure, measured at the flow gage) and a temperature of 20 65C.8. Mass Measurements8.1 Use a balance that is capable of assessing the mass ofthe test specimen and of the individual test specimen co
42、mpo-nents with a precision of 615 g.8.2 Calibrate the balance regularly to ensure its accuracy.9. Test Specimens9.1 The test specimen shall be a fully-assembled seat.9.2 Measure the weight of all padding and upholstery priorto assembly.9.3 Measure the weight of the non-combustible componentsof the s
43、eat (steel frame, etc.). Record this weight.FIG. 1 Test ChamberE2574/E2574M 1139.4 Record the weight of the fully-assembled seat. This shallbe done in one of two ways: (a) weighing the complete seatassembly or (b) weighing each component separately andcalculating the total weight by summing the weig
44、ht of each ofthe combustible and non-combustible components.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Prior to running each trial, ensure that the test chamberis clean and free of debris.11. Conditioning11.1 Condition specimens to equilibrium (constant weight)at an ambient temperature of 23 6 3C 73 6 5F and
45、arelative humidity of 50 6 5 % for a period of 24 h prior to thetest.12. Procedure12.1 Install three rows of seats in the test chamber. Thespacing between seat rows shall be the minimum spacingrecommended by the installer or the spacing required byFMVSS 222. The exact spacing between rows shall be r
46、e-ported.12.2 Seats shall be perpendicular to the dimension indicatedas “length” in Fig. 1.12.3 Install seats so that seat frames will not fall during thetest.12.4 Seat width shall be determined so that a maximumpassenger capacity per row (2 seats) for the seat style is tested.12.5 A complete test s
47、hall consist of two trials.12.6 The first trial shall consist of the application of theignition source in 7.1 at the ignition position on top of the seatNOTE 1All tubing 13 mm outside diameter, stainless steel, 0.89 mmwall thickness.NOTE 2All holes 1 mm in diameter.NOTE 3All units are mm unless othe
48、rwise noted.NOTE 4See text for tolerances.FIG. 2 Plan View of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 3 Side View of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 4 Cross-sectional View of Each Side of Square Gas BurnerFIG. 5 Ignition Burner for Use Under SeatE2574/E2574M 114assembly. After each trial, the test chamber shall be evacuatedand
49、 the debris shall be removed before the next trial isperformed.12.7 The first trial shall consist of the application of theignition source in 7.1 at the ignition position on top of the seatassembly.12.7.1 Position the burner at the center of the seat assembly,50 6 5mm26 0.2 in. away from the seat assembly back and25 6 5mm16 0.2 in. above the seating surface.12.7.2 The widest seat in the center row shall be tested.12.8 The second trial shall consist of the application of theignition source in 7.2 at the ignition po
