1、Designation: E2580 12E2580 17Standard Practice forUltrasonic Testing of Flat Panel Composites and SandwichCore Materials Used in Aerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2580; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. S
3、cope*1.1 This practice establishes two procedures for ultrasonic testing (UT) of flat panel composites and flat sandwich core panels(parallel surfaces). Typical as-fabricated lay-ups include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates; as well as honeycombsandwich core materials. These procedures ca
4、n be used throughout the life cycle of the materials; product and process designoptimization, on line process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection. Contact methods such as angle-beamtechniques using shear waves, or surface-beam techniques using Lamb waves, are not discuss
5、ed.1.2 Ultrasonic testing is a common sub surface subsurface method for detection of laminar oriented discontinuities. Twotechniques can be considered based on panel surface accessibility; pulse echo for one sided and through transmission(bubblers/squirters) for two sided. As used in this practice,
6、both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinalwave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave. The generaltypes of anomalies detected by both techniques include foreign materials, delamination, disbond/un-bon
7、d, fiber de-bonding,inclusions, porosity, and voids.1.3 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall beselected as agreed upon in a contractual document.1.3.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting), is
8、at a minimum a single transducer transmitting andreceiving a longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5 to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). This procedure requires access to only one side of thespecimen. This procedure can be conducted by automated or manual means. Automated and manual test results may be imagedor r
9、ecorded.1.3.2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission, is a combination of two transducers. One transmits a longitudinal wave and theother receives the longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 2). This procedure requires access to both sidesof the specimen. This procedure is auto
10、mated and the examination results are recorded.1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
11、 healthsafety, health, environmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development
12、of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions (Withdrawn 2016)3D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5687/D5
13、687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.Current edition approved June 1
14、5, 2012Nov. 1, 2017. Published July 2012December 2017. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072012 asE2580 - 07.E2580 - 12. DOI: 10.1520/E2580-12.10.1520/E2580-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servi
15、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an
16、 ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publis
17、hed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testi
18、ngE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 2015)3E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced C
19、omposite Materials in Databases (Withdrawn 2015)3E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases (Withdrawn2015)32.2 SAE Standards:4ARP 5605 Solid Composite Laminate NDI Reference Standards, Issued 2001-09ARP 5606 Composite Honeycomb
20、NDI Reference Standards, Issued 2001-094 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.FIG. 1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo Apparatus Set-upFIG. 2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission Apparatus Set-upE2580 1722.3 AIA Standar
21、d:5NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Certification of NAS Certification shall becompatible with the part; and shall be easily removed from the part using an applicable cleaning process.8. General Requirements8.1 In-process testing of flat panel composite or honeycomb structure shall be conducted using
22、automated equipment capableof electronically recording the test output or manual contact during indication evaluation. There shall be a direct correlation of theelectronic recording and the tested specimen. Transducer frequency shall be determined by the materials apparent attenuation andthe require
23、d acceptance criteria. Scan increment shall be set to provide three ultrasonic signal violations from the standard at thespecified threshold level.8.2 In-service testing shall be conducted using manual contact techniques, these tests are for the determination of suspectedareas of damage. Testing sha
24、ll be conducted using a reference standard. This reference standard shall be of the same configurationas the test specimen or as agreed upon contractually. This reference standard shall be acoustically similar and contain simulatedor actual discontinuities.E2580 1748.3 In-process testing of flat pan
25、el composites shall be for the detection of foreign materials, delaminations, voids and porosity.In-process testing of honeycomb structures shall be for the detection of non-bonds between the face sheets and core. In-servicetesting of flat panel composites shall be for the detection of damage such a
26、s delaminations. In-service testing of honeycombstructure shall be for unbond between the face sheet and core.8.4 Material ConditionPerform ultrasonic testing of parts or materials that possess a clean and smooth surface.8.5 CoverageIn all examinations, perform scanning to locate discontinuities tha
27、t are oriented parallel with the entry surface.The index increment shall be such that the target simulated anomaly registers three times at a contractually agreed upon threshold.8.6 Ultrasonic FrequencyFor a particular test select the frequency based on the material being inspected and of the antici
28、patedtype of discontinuities.8.7 EvaluationEvaluate each discontinuity to determine its type, size, location and conformance to the applicable accept/rejectcriteria. Specific discontinuity evaluation procedures shall be agreed upon contractually.8.8 Technique RecordFor each part inspected, a techniq
29、ue record shall be completed for each discontinuity detection scan andindication evaluation set-up used. The technique record shall identify the part, the area or zone, or bond-line of the part beinginspected, the inspector, the inspection procedure, and the equipment used. The record shall include
30、cross-sectional sketches asnecessary to show part coverage. The technique record shall note instrument control settings such that the test can be repeated.TEST PROCEDURES9. Procedure A9.1 Test procedureA(Pulse-Echo) is a single transducer transmitting and receiving a longitudinal wave in the range o
31、f 0.5 MHzto 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). This procedure can be automated or manual. The test results may be recorded. This procedure requiresaccess to one side of the specimen.9.1.1 Select the ultrasonic transducer based on the specific requirements of the material, discontinuity size, resolution, and lifec
32、ycle requirements.9.1.2 Select the reference block based on the objective of the test. Step wedge blocks may be useful for ply count and de-bondor delamination. Flat bottom holes may be useful to determine the size of a given discontinuity at a known ply or materialthickness.9.1.3 Select the frequen
33、cy based on the acoustic properties of the material and the testing sensitivity required. The frequencyshould provide a discontinuity to parent material signal ratio of 3 to 1.9.2 Pulse-Echo Testing Application9.2.1 Non-Contact Testing9.2.1.1 Set up part and reference so the entry surface is level w
34、ith the scanning bridge.9.2.1.2 Use the largest diameter nozzle and shortest free water column possible. For inspection adjust the water flow to eliminatebubbles and entrapped air while providing a sufficiently smooth laminar flow.9.2.1.3 Normalize beam-to-surface of part.9.2.1.4 Check for an adequa
35、te and consistent signal by taking cursory scans of the part.9.2.2 Contact Testing9.2.2.1 Clean surface of part and apply the contact couplant that provides the most consistent signal. Select a probe that providesat least a 3:1 signal to noise response from reference standard and provides proper ind
36、ication sizing capabilities.9.3 Standardize the System9.3.1 Standardize the system using the contractually agreed upon reference blocks.9.3.2 Establish the front and back surface signal positions on the base line of the ultrasonic display.9.3.3 Position the search unit over the reference discontinui
37、ty representing the smallest size unacceptable discontinuity nearestto the depth zone being inspected. If the entire thickness is being inspected, set up on the reference discontinuity nearest the backsurface.9.3.4 Adjust instrument controls to obtain at least an 80 % full scale response from the re
38、ference discontinuity.9.3.5 Adjust instrument controls, as necessary, to minimize the spread of front surface signals and to maximize thesignal-to-noise ratio while maintaining the required response from the reference discontinuity.9.3.6 Move the search unit away from the discontinuity to a disconti
39、nuity-free area of the reference block, and note the responsefrom the back surface. When the response is greater than 80 % adjust to 80 % and note the difference. This gain difference willbe used to adjust for attenuation differences between the reference block and part.9.3.7 Record the reference bl
40、ock. Using an automated system, record an image and document the responses. Using manualsystem, document the amplitude responses from each reference block reflector.E2580 1759.4 Scan the Part9.4.1 Index the scan such that an overlap of 14 of the water column diameter (squirter) or transducer diamete
41、r (contact) asappropriate.9.4.2 Scanning speed should not exceed automated system response time or manual visual detection.9.4.3 Mark all indications for evaluation.9.5 Anomaly Evaluation9.5.1 Evaluate all anomalies marked during testing.9.5.2 Compare size of anomaly to size of reference discontinui
42、ty located at a similar material depth of the anomaly.9.5.3 Using linear settings only, standardize the testing system on the applicable reference discontinuity and size the referencediscontinuity at the 12 amplitude (-6db) drop points.9.5.4 Adjust the ultrasonic test system to compensate for attenu
43、ation differences.9.5.5 Evaluate each anomaly in accordance with contractual requirements.10. Procedure B10.1 Test procedure B (Through Transmission) uses two transducers. One transmits a longitudinal wave and the other receivesthe longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5 to 20 MHz (see Fig. 2). This m
44、ethod is automated and the examination results arerecorded. This procedure requires access to both sides of the test specimen.10.1.1 Parts shall be sealed to protect against entrance and entrapment of water. Part shall not be immersed in water at any time.Verify surfaces (both front and back) are fr
45、ee from contaminants that would negatively affect the test.10.1.2 Adjust squirter spacing to accommodate part and reference block. Free water columns should be kept to a minimum.10.1.3 Water columns must be normal to the surface of laminate structure and parallel to cell walls of honeycomb core.10.1
46、.4 Adjust water flow from squirters until a smooth laminar flow, free of spirals is obtained. Position squirters so that thefan at the intersection of the two opposing water streams is uniform and at right angles to the line of flow.10.1.5 Check for an adequate and consistent signal by taking a curs
47、ory scan over the part.10.2 Standardize the System10.2.1 Position the water columns over a good area of the agreed upon reference block. Adjust sensitivity to provide a 100 %first received signal pattern. Adjust the sensitivity control for a 100 % signal.10.2.2 Gate the first received signal.10.2.3
48、Scan reference block to include good area and reference discontinuity.10.3 Scan the Part10.3.1 Position the squirters over part and verify gate position used on the reference block is consistent.10.3.2 When multiple scans are required to cover the area being tested, identify the perimeter of the tes
49、t areas on the test results.Each scan should be traceable to the scan instructions for the part.10.3.3 Tapered parts should be zoned and inspected by individual zones in order to maintain a 100 % received signal.10.3.4 Record all indications.10.4 Evaluate Indications10.4.1 Eliminate indications found to originate from physical features of the part from further evaluations.10.4.2 Review indications held for evaluation. The indications should be verified using the contractually agreed upontechnique(s).11. Safety and Hazards11.1 Precautions must be taken to preclude the po
