1、Designation: E 2600 08Standard Practice forAssessment of Vapor Intrusion into Structures on PropertyInvolved in Real Estate Transactions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThe purpose of this practice is to define goodcommercial and customary practice in t
3、he United States ofAmerica for conducting a vapor intrusion assessment (VIA)2on a property parcel involved in a real estate transaction withrespect to chemicals of concern (COC) that may migrate asvapors into existing or planned structures on a property due tocontaminated soil and groundwater on the
4、 property or withinclose proximity to the property. This practice may be used as avoluntary supplement to Practice E 1527 and does not alter orin any way define the scope of that practice. In addition,performance of this standard is not a requirement of and doesnot constitute, expand, or in any way
5、define “all appropriateinquiry” as defined or approved by U.S. EPA under CERCLAand the regulations thereunder, including 40 CFR Sec. 312.11.1.1.1 Vapor Intrusion Condition (VIC)In defining a stan-dard of good commercial and customary practice for conduct-ing a VIA on a parcel of property, the goal o
6、f the processestablished by this practice is to identify whether or not a vaporintrusion condition (VIC) exists or is likely to exist on theproperty. The term VIC means the presence or likely presenceof any COC in the indoor air environment of existing orplanned structures on a property caused by th
7、e release of vaporfrom contaminated soil or groundwater either on the propertyor within close proximity to the property, at a concentration thatpresents or may present an unacceptable health risk to occu-pants. The term is not intended to include de minimis condi-tions that do not normally represent
8、 an unacceptable health riskto occupants and that generally would not be the subject of anenforcement action if brought to the attention of appropriategovernmental agencies. A condition determined to be deminimis does not represent a VIC.1.1.2 Other Federal, State, and Local EnvironmentalLawsThis pr
9、actice does not address requirements of anyfederal, state, or local laws with respect to vapor intrusion.Users are cautioned that federal, state, and local laws, regula-tions or policy may impose VIA obligations that are beyond thescope of this practice (refer toAppendix X5 andAppendix X9).Users sho
10、uld also be aware that there are likely to be otherlegal obligations, for example, disclosure, with regard to COCdiscovered on the property that are not addressed in thispractice and that may pose risks of civil or criminal liability, orboth.1.1.3 DocumentationThe scope of this practice includesinve
11、stigation and reporting requirements. Sufficient documen-tation of all sources, records, and resources used in the inquiryrequired by this practice shall be provided in the report (referto Section 12).1.2 ObjectivesObjectives guiding the development of thispractice are: (1) to synthesize and put int
12、o writing goodcommercial and customary practice for conducting a VIA on aproperty involved in a real estate transaction, (2) to supple-ment a Phase I environmental site assessment (ESA) conductedin accordance with Practice E 1527, (3) to ensure that theprocess for assessing vapor intrusion is practi
13、cal and reason-able, and (4) to provide an industry standard for a VIA on aproperty involved in a real estate transaction.1.3 Considerations Beyond ScopeThe use of this practiceis strictly limited to the scope set forth in this section. Section13 of this practice identifies, for informational purpos
14、es,certain tasks (not an all-inclusive list) which may be conductedon a property that are beyond the scope of this practice butwhich may warrant consideration by parties to a real estatetransaction. The need to include an investigation of any suchconditions in the environmental professionals scope o
15、f ser-vices should be evaluated based upon, among other factors, thenature of the property and the reasons for performing the siteassessment (for example, a more comprehensive evaluation ofbusiness environmental risk) and should be agreed uponbetween the user and environmental professional as additi
16、onalservices beyond the scope of this practice prior to initiation ofthe Phase I ESA or initiation of an independent VIA.1.4 Organization of This PracticeThis practice has thir-teen sections and nine appendices. The appendices are includedfor informational purposes and are not part of the procedures
17、prescribed in this practice.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environ-mental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E50.02 on Real Estate Assessment and Manage-ment.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Publ
18、ished March 2008.2Whenever terms defined in 3.2 or 3.3 are used in this practice, they are initalics.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Section 1 contains the scope of the practice.Section 2 includes the referenced docum
19、ents.Section 3 has definitions of terms pertinent to this practice, termsused in this practice but defined in Practice E 1527, andacronyms.Section 4 is directed at the significance and use of this practice.Section 5 discusses the relationship between this practice and thePractice E 1527 Phase I ESA
20、practice.Section 6 describes the users responsibilities under this practice.Sections 7-12 are the main body of the VIA process, including evaluationand report preparation.Section 13 provides additional information regarding non-scope consid-erations (see 1.3).Appendix X1 provides the legal backgroun
21、d on federal and state liabilityfor vapor intrusion.Appendix X2 provides guidance on suggested qualifications for the envi-ronmental professional conducting the VIA.Appendix X3 provides a sample questionnaire for the environmental pro-fessional to obtain pertinent information for the VIA fromthe pro
22、perty owner/operator/occupants.Appendix X4 provides a recommended table of contents and report for-mat for the VIA investigation when not incorporated into aPhase I ESA report.Appendix X5 includes a listing of federal and state agency web sites dis-cussing their vapor intrusion policies and guidance
23、.Appendix X6 includes a list of typical chemicals of concern.Appendix X7 provides a table of background levels of common chemi-cals of concern in ambient and indoor air.Appendix X8 provides guidance and references for data collection in theconduct of a VIA.Appendix X9 provides a supplemental bibliog
24、raphy of federal and statevapor intrusion initiatives and other publications that mayassist the environmental professional conducting a VIA.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
25、o establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunc
26、tionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace the standard of care by whichthe adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,nor should this document be applied without consi
27、deration ofa projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in thetitle means only that the document has been approved throughthe ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: PhaseI Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE 173
28、9 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum Release Sites2.2 Federal Statutes:42 U.S.C. U.S. Code, Title 42, The Public Health andWelfare, Solid Waste Disposal, Identification and Listingof Hazardous Wastes, 6901, 6903, 6921, 9605, 9601, etseq.2.3 USEPA Documents:40 CFR Part 300, Ti
29、tle 40, Protection of Environment,Chapter 1, Environmental Protection Agency, Parts 300,302, 312, 355, et seq.2.4 Other Documents:NTP National Toxicology Program, “Annual Report onCarcinogens,” (latest edition)IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer,“Monographs” (latest editions)NIOSH Natio
30、nal Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth,“ Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Sub-stances”3. Terminology3.1 This section provides definitions and descriptions ofterms used in this practice and of terms used in this practiceextracted from Practice E 1527, and a list of acronyms for keywords
31、 used in this practice. The terms are an integral part ofthis practice and are critical to an understanding of the practiceand its use.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 advective transportthe process by which a solutesuch as a contaminant is transported by the bulk motion of a
32、fluid such as groundwater from higher to lower hydraulicpotential.3.2.2 air change ratethe ratio of the volumetric rate atwhich air enters (or leaves) a room or building divided by thevolume of the room or building, usually expressed as airchanges per hour.3.2.3 aquiferrock or sediment in a formatio
33、n, group offormations, or part of a formation which is saturated andsufficiently permeable to transmit economic quantities of waterto wells or springs.3.2.4 area of concernthe area closely and completelysurrounding a target property (primary area of concern, see8.3.2), plus the area further away but
34、 only hydrogeologicallyup-gradient from a target property (secondary area of concern,see 8.3.3) that, if sources of known or suspect contaminationwith COC are identified within, could result in a pVIC or VICat the target property. The area of concern is determined inTier 1 of this practice. For Tier
35、 1 screening purposes, theup-gradient area may be inferred by the environmental profes-sional based upon groundwater flow direction experience in thearea, hydrogeological and hydrologic considerations, topo-graphical gradients, and/or available groundwater flow infor-mation collected in Phase II del
36、ineation of contaminationreports associated with nearby contaminated sites.3.2.5 attenuation factor (also referred to as attenuationcoeffcient)a factor representing the process by which vaporsin the subsurface are reduced in concentration through degra-dation and dilution as they migrate vertically
37、toward thesurface.3.2.6 background levelthe concentration of chemicalscommonly found in the indoor air environment that has notbeen impacted by chemical vapors released from contaminatedsoil and/or groundwater. Background levels are influenced bychemicals in ambient air, for example, generated by in
38、dustrialor motor vehicle emissions, and so forth, by chemical emis-sions from building materials, by chemical emissions from3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
39、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2600082indoor activities such as smoking, or by emissions such asradon associated with the natural geology of an area.3.2.7 biodegradationa process by which microbial organ-isms transform or alter (through metabolic, enzymatic, or other
40、action) the structure of chemicals present in the environment.3.2.8 carcinogena compound that has been identified in apublication of the National Toxicology Program (NTP), “An-nual Report on Carcinogens” (latest edition) or of the Interna-tional Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) “Monographs”(late
41、st editions) as causing or potentially causing cancer. (The“Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances” publishedby the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) indicates whether a chemical has been found by NTPor IARC to be a potential carcinogen.)3.2.9 chemical(s) of conc
42、ern (COC)a chemical in thesubsurface environment that is known or reasonably expectedto be present, that can potentially migrate as a vapor into anexisting or planned structure on a property, and that isgenerally recognized as having the potential for an adverseimpact on human health. COC generally
43、meet specific criteriafor volatility and toxicity, and include volatile organic com-pounds, semi-volatile organic compounds and volatile inor-ganic analytes (such as mercury). Typical COC for the vaporintrusion pathway are presented in Appendix X6.3.2.10 close proximityclose enough to a target prope
44、rtysuch that there is a reasonable possibility a COC vapor couldmigrate into the indoor air environment of existing or plannedstructures on the target property (refer to critical distance and8.5.3).3.2.11 conduita preferential pathway along which vaporsreleased from contaminated soil or groundwater
45、may migrateto a building or into a buildings indoor air space.3.2.12 contaminantany physical, chemical, biological, orradiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect onair, water or soil.3.2.13 contaminated plumeplume where concentrationsof COC known to be present in the soil gas and/or
46、groundwaterexceed applicable standards established by the responsibleregulatory agency. A contaminated plume can take the form ofa groundwater contaminated plume or a soil gas contaminatedplume. In a groundwater contaminated plume, COC are con-veyed as solutes away from the point at which they werei
47、ntroduced into groundwater. They move with the migratinggroundwater mass in the direction of groundwater flow. Whendispersion within the groundwater plume brings a dissolvedCOC to the groundwater-soil gas interface, the COC maytransition from the dissolved state to the vapor state and evolvefrom gro
48、undwater into soil gas in the vadose zone. Once aCOC evolves into soil gas in the vadose zone, its migration isno longer connected with groundwater movement. In a soil gascontaminated plume, COC in their vaporous state mix freelywith soil gas that exists within soil voids in the vadose zone.COC in t
49、he soil gas contaminated plume can be introducedfrom underlying contaminated groundwater, as a result of aliquid spill into vadose zone soils, or by the direct release ofgas from a leaking underground pressurized gas line. Migrationof the soil gas contaminated plume through the vadose zonemay be in any direction; however, it preferentially follows thepath of least resistance.3.2.14 contaminant sourcethe origin of the soil andgroundwater contamination; may be a general property loca-tion (for example, a dry cleaner property address) or, if known,a specific loca
