1、Designation: E 2601 08Standard Practice forRadiological Emergency Response1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONOne of the legacies of the Oklahoma City bombing and the attacks of September 11, 2001 isrecognition that terrorists use weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
3、. This awareness has changed thephilosophy of emergency response across disciplines. Incident response is still based on acceptedprocedures and safe work practices developed over the years, but the new mission must includeconcerns that are specific to an intentional release of hazardous materials de
4、signed to kill or injure andcause destruction of property. This standard practice provides guidance for responding to incidentswhere radioactive materials might be used with that intent. The standard also applies guidance forgeneral radiological emergency response. The purpose of the guidance is to
5、save lives, preventradiation dose, and move members of the public out of perceived danger areas.This standard practice provides decision making considerations that jurisdictions can use to respondto incidents that involve radioactive materials. The standard provides a consistent set of practices tha
6、tcan be incorporated into the development, planning, training, and implementation of guidelines forradiological emergency response. The standard does not incorporate long-term recovery or mitigationconsiderations, nor does it include provisions for improvised nuclear devices2(INDs). Jurisdictionsusi
7、ng the standard shall incorporate their own procedures for notification and requests for assistancefrom specialized radiological response assets.The following are key concepts associated with this standard practice:The standard applies to the emergency phase of an event (0 to 24 h or until specializ
8、ed resourcesarrive on scene if they are requested).It adheres to a risk-based response; this means the guidance presented is intended to be coupled withthe authority having jurisdictions (AHJs) understanding of local vulnerability and capability whendeveloping its plans and guidance documents on the
9、 subject.It is compliant with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and uses Incident CommandSystem (ICS) common terminology. Full compliance with NIMS is recognized as an essential part ofemergency response planning. In developing this standard, every effort was made to ensure that allcomm
10、unications between organizational elements during an incident are presented in plain languageaccording to NIMS 2007. In keeping with this NIMS requirement, key definitions and terms, usingplain English, are incorporated.It is not intended for large-scale nuclear scenarios (for example, IND), which m
11、ay quickly exhaustthe capabilities of local emergency responders.The standard is not intended to prepare communities for nuclear power plant accidents. The stateof preparedness for communities in close proximity to nuclear power plants far exceeds the minimumrequirements and capabilities described i
12、n this standard.TRACEM (Thermal, Radiological, Asphyxiant, Chemical, Etiological, Mechanical) issues wereconsidered throughout. While response to radiological hazards is the focus of this standard, respondersmust consider all hazards during a response; it is possible that non-radiological hazards ma
13、y presenta greater danger at an incident.The standard does not address airborne contamination levels of radioactive materials exposure. Itassumes that respiratory protection is required for emergency responders as a consequence of currenttraining requirements. Equipment is not yet widely available o
14、r adapted for responder use to monitorairborne contamination levels.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides decision-making considerationsfor response to incidents that involve radioactive m
15、aterials. Itprovides information and guidance for what to include inresponse planning, and what activities to conduct during aresponse. The scope of this standard does not explicitlyconsider response to INDs or nuclear power plant accidents.3Itdoes not expressly address emergency response to contami
16、na-tion of food or water supplies.1.2 This practice applies to those emergency responseagencies that have a role in the response to a radiologicalincident, excluding an IND incident. It should be used inemergency services response such as law enforcement, firedepartment, and emergency medical respon
17、se actions.1.3 This practice assumes that implementation begins withthe recognition of a radiological incident and ends whenemergency response actions cease or the response is assumedby specialized regional, state, or federal response teams.1.4 AHJs using this practice will identify hazards, develop
18、 aplan, acquire and track equipment, and provide training con-sistent with the descriptions provided in Section 6. AHJs notable to meet the requirements should refer to the United States(US) Department of Transportation (DOT) Emergency Re-sponse Guidebook (ERG) for guidance on how to manageradiologi
19、cal incidents (DOT, current version). This standardprovides additional guidance and is not intended to replace theERG, rather to supplement it (see Annex A14).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user
20、 of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Referenced Standards and Documents:ANSI N42.33-2006a American National Standard for Por-table Radiation Detection Instrumentation
21、 for HomelandSecurity5ANSI N42.32-2006b American National Standard Perfor-mance Criteria for Alarming Personal Radiation Detectorsfor Homeland Security5CDC 2007 Population Monitoring in Radiation Emergen-cies: A Guide for State and Local Public Health Planners6CRCPD 2006 Radiological Dispersal Devic
22、e (RDD)FirstResponders Guide, the First 12 Hours729 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards849 CFR 173.403 Shippers General Requirements for Ship-ments and Packages8DOT, current version, Emergency Response Guidelines(ERG)9EPA400-R-92-001 Manual of ProtectiveAction Guides andProtective Acti
23、ons for Nuclear Incidents10EPA-402-F-07-008 Communicating Radiation Risks, Officeof Radiation and Indoor Air10FEMA 2008 Application of Protective Action Guides forRadiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and ImprovisedNuclear Device (IND) Incidents11Homeland Security Act of 200212IAEA 2006 Manual for Fir
24、st Responders to a RadiologicalEmergency13ICRP Publication 96 Protecting People against RadiationExposure in the Event of a Radiological Attack, 9614NCRP Commentary No. 19 Key Elements of PreparingEmergency Responders for Nuclear and RadiologicalTerrorism15NCRP Report No. 138 Management of Terrorist
25、 EventsInvolving Radioactive Material15NCRP Report No. 116 Limitation of Exposure to IonizingRadiation15NFPA 472 Standard for Professional Competence of Re-sponders to Hazardous Materials Incidents16NIMS 2007 Draft revised NIMS for interim use17NRF 200818NIST 2006a Results of Test and Evaluation of
26、Commer-cially Available Survey Meters for the Department ofHomeland SecurityRound 219NIST 2006b Results of Test and Evaluation of Commer-cially Available Personal Radiation Detectors (PRDs) andRadiation Pagers for the Department of HomelandSecurityRound 219NIST 2005a Results of Test and Evaluation o
27、f Commer-cially Available Survey Meters for the Department ofHomeland Security19NIST 2005b Results of Test and Evaluation of Commer-cially Available Personal Radiation Detectors (PRDs) and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSecurity Applications and is the direc
28、t responsibility of Subcommittee E54.02 onEmergency Preparedness, Training, and Procedures.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008.2An improvised nuclear device is defined as follows: A device incorporatingfissile materials designed or constructed outside of an official governme
29、nt agencyand that has, or appears to have, or is claimed to have the capability to produce anuclear explosion. It also may be a nuclear weapon that is no longer in the custodyof competent authority or custodian, or has been modified from its designated firingsequence, or it may have been assembled f
30、rom illegally obtained nuclear weaponscomponents or special nuclear materials.3Local response to nuclear facilities incidents should follow nuclear facilityplans, especially in accordance to ingestion pathway zone actions, such asdistribution of potassium iodine.4Annex A1 material is labeled to comp
31、lement the standard practice sectionnumbers and can be found at the end of the standard before the appendices. Theannex provides additional information for responder consideration.5Available from http:/standards.ieee.org/getN42/.6For access to document, go to http:/www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/popul
32、ation-monitoring-guide.pdf.7For access to document, go to http:/www.crcpd.org/publications.asp#RDD.8For access to document, go to www.access.gpo.gov.9Available from http:/hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/gydebook.htm.10Available from www.epa.gov.11Available from http:/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/E8-17645.htm
33、.12For access to document, go to http:/www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/bill/hsl-bill.pdf.13For access to document, go to http:/www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/EPR_FirstResponder_web.pdf.14For access to description and site for ordering, go to http:/ (cws_home/707248/description#description)
34、.15Available from www.ncrponline.org.16Available from www.nfpa.org.17For access to document, go to www.fema.gov.18For access to document, go to www.dhs.gov.19For permission to access document, go to https:/www.rkb.us/.E2601082Radiation Pagers for the Department of Homeland Secu-rity19NUREG-0654/FEMA
35、-REP-1, Rev. 1 Addenda Criteria forPreparation and Evaluation of Radiological EmergencyResponse Plans and Preparedness in Support of NuclearPower Plants, Final Report20NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1 Criteria for Preparation andEvaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plansand Preparedness in Support of
36、Nuclear Power Plants203. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)the organiza-tion, office, or individual responsible for approving equipment,materials, an installation, or a procedure. NFPA 4723.1.2 ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)a prin-ciple of radiation protect
37、ion philosophy that requires thatexposures to ionizing radiation shall be kept as low asreasonably achievable, economic and social factors being takeninto account. The protection from radiation exposure isALARA when the expenditure of further resources would beunwarranted by the reduction in exposur
38、e that would beachieved. NCRP Commentary No. 193.1.3 committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)committed effective dose equivalent is the sum of the productsof the weighting factors applicable to each of the body organsor tissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalentto these organs o
39、r tissues.3.1.4 decision pointspredefined exposure rates or doses atwhich a decision-maker must determine a path forward tomaximize responder safety and public protection.3.1.5 decontaminationthe reduction or removal of radio-active material from surfaces (for example, skin) by cleaningand washing.
40、NCRP Commentary No. 193.1.6 defensive operation(s)emergency response mea-sures taken from a safe distance (for example, outside the hotzone) to prevent or limit radiation exposure or the spread ofhazardous material; life-safety operations are not a concern ifdefensive operations are the only operati
41、ons supporting theresponse.3.1.7 doseradiation absorbed by an individuals body;general term used to denote mean absorbed dose, equivalentdose, effective dose, or effective equivalent dose, and to denotedose received or committed dose; see Total Effective DoseEquivalent (TEDE). CRCPD 20063.1.8 dosime
42、tera device to assess the dose equivalentfrom ionizing radiation received by person individual.3.1.9 emergency decontaminationthe physical process ofimmediately reducing contamination of individuals in poten-tially life-threatening situations with or without the formalestablishment of a decontaminat
43、ion corridor. A goal of emer-gency decontamination is reducing dose to a lower level;however it may not be possible to completely eliminatecontamination.3.1.10 emergency operations center (EOC)the physicallocation at which the coordination of information and resourcesto support incident management a
44、ctivities normally takesplace.An EOC may be a temporary facility or in a permanentlyestablished location in a jurisdiction. NIMS 20073.1.11 emergency responderemergency response provid-ers include federal, state, and local government, fire, lawenforcement, emergency medical, and related personnel, a
45、gen-cies, and authorities. Homeland Security Act of 20023.1.12 emergency responsethe performance of actions tomitigate the consequences of an emergency for human healthand safety, quality of life, the environment and property. It mayalso provide a basis for the resumption of normal social andeconomi
46、c activity. IAEA 20063.1.13 evacuationorganized, phased, and supervisedwithdrawal, dispersal, or removal of civilians from dangerousor potentially dangerous areas, and their reception and care insafe areas. NIMS 20073.1.14 high exposure rateexposure rate beyond whichemergency response is not recomme
47、nded for rescue operationsunless the incident commander (IC) determines it can becarefully controlled for a short duration for priority operationssuch as life-saving, and the emergency responder is informedof the hazards and consents to performing the operation(s); therecommendation of this standard
48、 is for a high exposure rateless than or equal to 100 R/h (1 Sv/h).3.1.15 hot zonethe control zone immediately surroundinga hazardous materials incident, which extends far enough toprevent adverse effects from hazardous materials releases topersonnel outside the zone. NFPA 4723.1.16 hot linethe line
49、 of demarcation that may become adecision point to control the hot zone; for a radiologicalresponse, the hot line shall correspond to a previously estab-lished exposure rate (for example, the low exposure rate) orcontamination level above which personnel shall be trained andprotected appropriately by personal protective equipment(PPE) to operate. The location of the hot line may not bedetermined based on radiation exposure rate or contaminationlevel if a higher hazard associated with the incident presentsgreater ris
