1、Designation: E2601 15Standard Practice forRadiological Emergency Response1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONOne of the legacies of the Oklahoma City bombing and the attacks of September 11, 2001 isrecognition that terrorists use weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
3、This awareness has changed thephilosophy of emergency response across disciplines. Incident response is still based on acceptedprocedures and safe work practices developed over the years, but the new mission must includeconcerns that are specific to an intentional release of hazardous materials desi
4、gned to kill or injure andcause destruction of property. This standard practice provides guidance for responding to incidentswhere radioactive materials might be used with that intent. The standard also applies guidance forgeneral radiological emergency response. The purpose of the guidance is to sa
5、ve lives, minimizeradiation dose, and move members of the public out of perceived danger areas.This standard practice provides decision making considerations that jurisdictions can use to respondto incidents that involve radioactive materials. The standard practice provides a consistent set ofpracti
6、ces that can be incorporated into the development, planning, training, and implementation ofguidelines for radiological emergency response. The standard practice does not incorporate long-termrecovery or mitigation considerations, nor does it include provisions for improvised nuclear device2(INDs) d
7、etonations or nuclear power plant (NPP) accidents. Jurisdictions using the standard practiceshall incorporate their own procedures for notification and requests for assistance from specializedradiological response assets.The following are key concepts associated with this standard practice:The stand
8、ard practice applies to the emergency phase of an event (0 to 24 h or until specializedresources arrive on scene if they are requested).It adheres to a risk-based response; this means the guidance presented is intended to be coupled withthe authority having jurisdictions (AHJs) understanding of loca
9、l vulnerability and capability whendeveloping its plans and guidance documents on the subject.It is compliant with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and uses Incident CommandSystem (ICS) common terminology. Full compliance with NIMS is recognized as an essential part ofemergency respons
10、e planning. In developing this standard practice, every effort was made to ensurethat all communications between organizational elements during an incident are presented in plainlanguage according to NIMS 2007. In keeping with this NIMS requirement, key definitions and terms,using plain English, are
11、 incorporated.It is not intended for large-scale nuclear scenarios (for example, IND), which may quickly exhaustthe capabilities of local emergency responders.The standard practice is not intended to prepare communities for nuclear power plant accidents. Thestate of preparedness for communities in c
12、lose proximity to nuclear power plants far exceeds theminimum requirements and capabilities described in this standard practice.TRACEM (Thermal, Radiological, Asphyxiant, Chemical, Etiological, Mechanical) issues wereconsidered throughout. While response to radiological hazards is the focus of this
13、standard practice,responders must consider all hazards during a response; it is possible that non-radiological hazardsmay present a greater danger at an incident.The standard practice does not address airborne contamination levels of radioactive materialsexposure. Equipment to determine this potenti
14、al hazard is not widely available in emergencyresponder communities. Respiratory protection is required for emergency responders until a completehazard identification assessment is complete.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Sta
15、tes11. Scope1.1 This practice provides decision-making considerationsfor response to incidents that involve radioactive materials. Itprovides information and guidance for what to include inresponse planning, and what activities to conduct during aresponse. The scope of this standard practice does no
16、t explic-itly consider response to INDs or nuclear power plant acci-dents.3It does not expressly address emergency response tocontamination of food or water supplies.1.2 This practice applies to those emergency responseagencies that have a role in the response to a radiologicalincident, excluding an
17、 IND incident. It should be used inemergency services response such as law enforcement, firedepartment, and emergency medical response actions.1.3 This practice assumes that implementation begins withthe recognition of a radiological incident and ends whenemergency response actions cease or the resp
18、onse is assumedby specialized regional, state, or federal response teams.1.4 AHJs using this practice will identify hazards, develop aplan, acquire and track equipment, and provide training con-sistent with the descriptions provided in Section 6. AHJs notable to meet the requirements should refer to
19、 the United States(US) Department of Transportation (DOT) Emergency Re-sponse Guidebook (ERG) for guidance on how to manageradiological incidents (DOT, current version). This standardpractice provides additional guidance and is not intended toreplace the ERG, rather to supplement it (see Annex A14).
20、1.5 This standard practice does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard practice to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
21、. Referenced Documents2.1 Referenced Standards and Documents:ANSI N42.33 American National Standard for PortableRadiation Detection Instrumentation for Homeland Secu-rity5ANSI N42.32 American National Standard PerformanceCriteria for Alarming Personal Radiation Detectors forHomeland Security5ANSI N4
22、2.49A American National Standard for Perfor-mance Criteria for Alarming Electronic Personal Emer-gency Radiation Detectors (PERDs) for Exposure Con-trol5CDC 2007 Population Monitoring in Radiation Emergen-cies: A Guide for State and Local Public Health Planners6CRCPD 2006 Radiological Dispersal Devi
23、ce (RDD)FirstResponders Guide, the First 12 Hours7CTOS 2014 WMD Definitions for Use in the DHS CourseMaterials Developed by CTOS829 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards949 CFR 173 Shippers General Requirements for Shipmentsand Packages9DOT, current version, Emergency Response Guidelines
24、(ERG)10EPA 400-R-92-001 Manual of Protective Action Guides andProtective Actions for Nuclear Incidents11EPA PAG Manual Protective Actions Guides and PlanningGuidance for Radiological Incidents, 2013 (Draft forInterim Use and Public Comment)11EPA-402-F-07-008 Communicating Radiation Risks, Officeof R
25、adiation and Indoor Air11FEMA 2008 Application of Protective Action Guides forRadiological Dispersal Device (RDD) and ImprovisedNuclear Device (IND) Incidents12Homeland Security Act of 200213IAEA 2006 Manual for First Responders to a RadiologicalEmergency14ICRP Publication 96 Protecting People again
26、st RadiationExposure in the Event of a Radiological Attack, 9615NCRP Commentary No. 19 Key Elements of PreparingEmergency Responders for Nuclear and RadiologicalTerrorism16NCRP Report No. 138 Management of Terrorist EventsInvolving Radioactive Material16NCRP Report No. 116 Limitation of Exposure to
27、IonizingRadiation16NCRP Report No. 165 Responding to a Radiological orNuclear Terrorism Incident: A Guide for Decision Mak-ers16NFPA 472 Standard for Professional Competence of Re-sponders to Hazardous Materials Incidents171This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSec
28、urity Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.02 onEmergency Preparedness, Training, and Procedures.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2015. Published March 2015. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2601 08. DOI:10.1520/E2601-15.2An improvi
29、sed nuclear device is defined as follows: A device incorporatingfissile materials designed or constructed outside of an official government agencyand that has, or appears to have, or is claimed to have the capability to produce anuclear explosion. It also may be a nuclear weapon that is no longer in
30、 the custodyof competent authority or custodian, or has been modified from its designated firingsequence, or it may have been assembled from illegally obtained nuclear weaponscomponents or special nuclear materials.3Local response to nuclear facilities incidents should follow nuclear facilityplans,
31、especially in accordance to ingestion pathway zone actions, such asdistribution of potassium iodine.4Annex A1 material is labeled to complement the standard practice sectionnumbers and can be found at the end of the standard before the appendices. Theannex provides additional information for respond
32、er consideration.5Available from http:/standards.ieee.org/getN42/.6For access to document, go to http:/www.bt.cdc.gov/radiation/pdf/population-monitoring-guide.pdf.7For access to document, go to http:/www.crcpd.org/publications.asp#RDD.8For access to document, go to www.ctosnnsa.org.9For access to d
33、ocument, go to www.access.gpo.gov.10Available from http:/hazmat.dot.gov/pubs/erg/gydebook.htm.11Available from www.epa.gov.12Available from http:/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2008/E8-17645.htm.13For access to document, go to http:/www.whitehouse.gov/deptofhomeland/bill/hsl-bill.pdf.14For access to documen
34、t, go to http:/www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/EPR_FirstResponder_web.pdf.15For access to description and site for ordering, go to http:/ (cws_home/707248/description#description).16Available from www.ncrponline.org.17Available from www.nfpa.org.E2601 152NIMS 2007 Draft revised NIMS for inter
35、im use18NRF 200819NIST 2006a Results of Test and Evaluation of CommerciallyAvailable Survey Meters for the Department of HomelandSecurityRound 220NIST2006b Results ofTest and Evaluation of CommerciallyAvailable Personal Radiation Detectors (PRDs) and Ra-diation Pagers for the Department of HomelandS
36、ecurityRound 220NIST 2005a Results of Test and Evaluation of CommerciallyAvailable Survey Meters for the Department of HomelandSecurity20NIST2005b Results ofTest and Evaluation of CommerciallyAvailable Personal Radiation Detectors (PRDs) and Ra-diation Pagers for the Department of Homeland Security2
37、0NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1, Rev. 1 Addenda Criteria forPreparation and Evaluation of Radiological EmergencyResponse Plans and Preparedness in Support of NuclearPower Plants, Final Report21NUREG-0654/FEMA-REP-1 Criteria for Preparation andEvaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plansand Preparednes
38、s in Support of Nuclear Power Plants213. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 authority having jurisdiction (AHJ)the organization,office, or individual responsible for approving equipment,materials, an installation, or a procedure. NFPA 4723.1.2 ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable)a prin-ciple of rad
39、iation protection philosophy that requires thatexposures to ionizing radiation should be kept as low asreasonably achievable, economic and social factors being takeninto account; the ALARA principle is satisfied when theexpenditure of further resources would be unwarranted by thereduction in exposur
40、e that would be achieved. NCRP ReportNo. 1653.1.3 committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) com-mitted effective dose equivalent is the sum of the products ofthe weighting factors applicable to each of the body organs ortissues that are irradiated and the committed dose equivalent tothese organs or
41、 tissues.3.1.4 decision pointspredefined exposure rates or doses atwhich a decision-maker must determine a path forward tomaximize responder safety and public protection.3.1.5 decontamination(1) the removal of radionuclidecontaminants from surfaces (for example, skin) by cleaningand washing (NCRP Re
42、port No. 165); (2) the physical orchemical process of reducing and preventing the spread ofcontaminants from people, animals, the environment, or equip-ment involved at hazardous materials/weapons of mass de-struction (WMD) incidents (2013 Edition NFPA 472 3.3.17).3.1.6 defensive operation(s)emergen
43、cy response mea-sures taken from a safe distance (for example, outside the hotzone) to prevent or limit radiation exposure or the spread ofhazardous material; life-safety operations are not a concern ifdefensive operations are the only operations supporting theresponse.3.1.7 doseradiation absorbed b
44、y an individuals body;general term used to denote mean absorbed dose, equivalentdose, effective dose, or effective equivalent dose, and to denotedose received or committed dose; see Total Effective DoseEquivalent (TEDE). CRCPD 20063.1.8 dosimetera small portable instrument (such as a filmbadge, ther
45、moluminescent dosimeter, or pocket dosimeter)used to measure and record the total accumulated personal doseof ionizing radiation. U.S. NRC Glossary3.1.9 emergency decontaminationthe physical process ofimmediately reducing contamination of individuals in poten-tially life-threatening situations with
46、or without the formalestablishment of a decontamination corridor. A goal of emer-gency decontamination is reducing dose to a lower level;however it may not be possible to completely eliminatecontamination.3.1.10 emergency operations center (EOC)the physicallocation at which the coordination of infor
47、mation and resourcesto support incident management activities normally takesplace.An EOC may be a temporary facility or in a permanentlyestablished location in a jurisdiction. NIMS 20073.1.11 emergency responderemergency response provid-ers include federal, state, and local government, fire, lawenfo
48、rcement, emergency medical, and related personnel,agencies, and authorities. Homeland Security Act of 20023.1.12 emergency responsethe performance of actions tomitigate the consequences of an emergency for human healthand safety, quality of life, the environment and property. It mayalso provide a ba
49、sis for the resumption of normal social andeconomic activity. IAEA 20063.1.13 evacuationorganized, phased, and supervisedwithdrawal, dispersal, or removal of civilians from dangerousor potentially dangerous areas, and their reception and care insafe areas. NIMS 20073.1.14 high exposure rateexposure rate beyond whichemergency response is not recommended for rescue operationsunless the incident commander (IC) determines it can becarefully controlled for a short duration for priority operationssuch as life-saving, and
