1、Designation: E2616 09Standard Guide forRemedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Actionand Non-Risk Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedialactions at sites where a release of chemicals (for
3、example,vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids(NAPL) into the environment has occurred. This overallremedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide isintended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action(RBCA) framework.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to faci
4、litate the selection ofacceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisionsleading to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfyboth the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-riskremedial action objectives.1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at sites that requirea re
5、medial action to address unacceptable human heath orecological risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or otherunacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a siteassessment should be completed resulting in: (1) the establish-ment of remedial action objectives, (2) a determination that
6、 aremedial action is required to achieve the remedial actionobjectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring aremedial action, and (4) a conceptual site model that reflectsthe results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedialaction objectives are assumed to have been established using
7、RBCA or another risk-based assessment method that results inthe identification of appropriate remedial action objectivesbased on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, andpotential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be estab-lished using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or Guide E2205.In a
8、ddition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations,statutes, and policies should be followed and should form thebasis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial actionobjectives. The remedial action objectives may include re-source protection standards and the prevention of aesthetic or
9、nuisance impacts in addition to protection of human health andthe environment.1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an expo-sure pathway will typically include numeric remedial actionlevels for each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial actionlevels may also be developed for non-risk remed
10、ial actionobjectives such as resource protection standards. The non-riskremedial action levels may include thickness or mobilitycriteria for NAPL. The selected remedy must be effective andtimely for each remedial action objective based on the consid-eration of the associated exposure pathway or reso
11、urce protec-tion standard.1.5 To facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions,this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2)that involves:1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectivesthat includes identification of complete exposure pathways andnumeric remedia
12、l action levels (Section 5).1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectivesbased on resource protection and other non-risk considerations.Resource protection objectives typically include numeric re-medial action levels while other non-risk criteria are typicallynon-numeric and may include:
13、remediation timeframe, imple-mentability, cost effectiveness, regulatory compliance, prop-erty use requirements, liability control, and community con-cern (Section 5).1.5.3 Evaluation of protectiveness to identify protectiveremedial actions that will be effective and timely for eachrisk-based remedi
14、al action objective for the site (Section 6).1.5.4 Evaluation of the retained remedies using the non-riskremedial action objectives to identify acceptable remedialactions that satisfy the minimum level for each non-riskcriterion (Section 7).1.5.5 Remedial action selection to select the acceptablerem
15、edial action to be implemented at the site (Section 8).1.5.6 Remedy design and implementation to ensure that theselected remedy is effectively implemented at the site andsatisfies the remedial action objectives (Section 9).1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAs
16、sessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. DOI: 10.1520/E2616-09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
17、19428-2959, United States.1.6 This guide is intended for use in the selection of finalremedial actions. This guide may also be used in the selectionof interim measures provided that risk-based remedial actionobjectives and non-risk remedial action objectives are availablefor the evaluation of these
18、interim measures.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This guide is not intended to specifically address con-tractor health and safety issues. It is the responsibility of theuser of this guide to ensure that O
19、ccupational Safety andHealth Administration (OSHA) regulatory requirements aremet,and appropriate industry practices are consulted for guid-ance.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stand
20、ard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Va-dose Zone and Ground Water Contamination at HazardousWaste Contaminate
21、d SitesD7294 Guide for Collecting Treatment Process Design Dataat a Contaminated SiteA Site Contaminated WithChemicals of InterestE1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum Release SitesE1912 Guide forAccele
22、rated Site Characterization for Con-firmed or Suspected Petroleum ReleasesE1943 Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by NaturalAttenuation at Petroleum Release SitesE2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineerin
23、g ControlsE2205 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action for Protec-tion of Ecological ResourcesE2435 Guide for Application of Engineering Controls toFacilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-AffectedPropertiesE2531 Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Modelsand Remediation Strategies for Light
24、Nonaqueous-PhaseLiquids Released to the Subsurface3. Terminology3.1 Conceptual Model Terms:3.1.1 siteThe area(s) defined by the likely physical distri-bution of the COCs from a source area. A site could be anentire property or facility, a defined area or portion of a facilityor property, or multiple
25、 facilities or properties. One facilitymay contain multiple sites. Multiple sites at one facility may beaddressed individually or as a group.3.1.2 site assessmentThe characterization of a site todetermine whether a release has occurred, the concentrations ofthe COCs in environmental media, and the d
26、istribution of theCOCs. The site assessment collects data on soil, groundwater,air, and surface water quality; site characteristics (for example,subsurface geology, geochemistry, soil properties and struc-tures, hydrology and surface characteristics), land and resourceuse, and potential receptors, a
27、nd generates information todevelop a conceptual site model to support risk-based decisionmaking. The results of the site assessment are used to (1)establish remedial action objectives, (2) determine whether aremedial action is required to achieve the remedial actionobjectives, (3) identify site area
28、s requiring a remedial action,and (4) develop a conceptual site model that reflects the resultsof the site assessment. The site assessment may be conductedusing Practice D6235 or Guide E1912.3.1.3 complete exposure pathwayThe route a COC takesfrom the source area(s) to a human or ecological receptor
29、. Acomplete exposure pathway describes a mechanism by whichan individual or population is or could be exposed to COCsoriginating from the site. Each exposure pathway is associatedwith a source, a point of exposure, and an exposure route. If theexposure point is not at the source, a transport/exposur
30、emechanism is included.3.1.4 conceptual site modelThe integrated representationof the physical and environmental context, the complete andpotentially complete exposure pathways and the potential fateand transport of chemicals(s) of concern at a site. The siteconceptual model should include both the
31、current understand-ing of the site and the understanding of the potential futureconditions and uses for the site. It provides a method toconduct the exposure pathway evaluation, inventory the expo-sure pathways evaluated, and determine the status of theexposure pathways as incomplete, potentially co
32、mplete, orcomplete.3.1.5 risk-based remedial action objectivesAset of objec-tives based on protection of human health and the environmentdeveloped for the site that identifies the COCs, affectedenvironmental media, complete exposure pathways, and risk-based remedial action levels.3.1.6 non-risk reme
33、dial action objectivesA set of objec-tives based on non-risk considerations for current and futuresite management. These objectives may include action levelsbased on aesthetic criteria or other resource protection stan-dards with non-risk remedial action levels. In addition, theseobjectives not dire
34、ctly based on COC concentrations such as:remediation timeframe, implementability, cost effectiveness,regulatory compliance, property use requirements, liabilitycontrol, and community concern.3.1.7 remedial action levelsConcentrations of COCs inthe source media and/or receptor media below which remed
35、ialactions are not required in order to satisfy the remedial actionobjectives. Non-risk remedial action levels may include re-source protection standards not linked to a complete exposurepathway (that is, the application of drinking water standards to2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM we
36、bsite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2616 092water resources not currently used for drinking water). Non-risk remedial action levels may also incl
37、ude thickness ormobility criteria for NAPL.3.2 Types of Remedial Action Technologies:3.2.1 removalA remedial action technology to take envi-ronmental media away from the site to another location forstorage, processing, or disposal in accordance with all appli-cable requirements.FIG. 1 Remedy Selecti
38、on ProcessE2616 093FIG. 2 Remedy Selection FlowchartE2616 094FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)E2616 0953.2.2 decontaminationA remedial action technologybased on permanent and irreversible treatment processes to anenvironmental medium so that the threat of release of COCs atconcentrations
39、 above the remedial action levels is eliminated.3.2.3 activity and use limitation (AUL)A remedial actiontechnology that relies on institutional controls (ICs) or engi-neering controls (ECs) (collectively, ICs and ECs are known as“activity and use limitations”) to prevent exposure to COCspresent in e
40、nvironmental media at concentrations above theremedial action levels. An AUL technology can be used toeliminate a complete or potentially complete exposure pathwayby eliminating the receptor or by preventing transport of theCOCs to the receptor. AUL measures must be combined withappropriate maintena
41、nce, monitoring, and any necessary fur-ther remedial action to satisfy the remedial action objectivesand be protective of human health and the environment.3.3 Remedy Selection:3.3.1 remedial actionOne or more technologies imple-mented at a site to address environmental media containingCOCs at concen
42、trations exceeding the remedial action levelsdefined for the site. A remedial action for a site may involveremoval, decontamination, and/or AUL technologies includingmonitoring.3.3.2 potential remedial actionA potential remedial ac-tion is any remedial action evaluated for implementation at thesite
43、as part of the risk-based remedy selection process.3.3.3 protective remedial actionA protective remedialaction can achieve all of the risk-based remedial actionobjectives through timely removal, decontamination, and/orimplementation of AULs for environmental media containingCOC concentrations above
44、the risk-based remedial actionlevels.3.3.4 acceptable remedial actionAn acceptable remedialaction is able to achieve all of the risk-based and non-riskremedial action objectives.3.4 Acronyms:3.4.1 AULactivity and use limitation3.4.2 CMScorrective measures study3.4.3 COCchemical of concern3.4.4 ECeng
45、ineering control3.4.5 ETCAPEnvironmental Technology Cost SavingsAnalysis Project3.4.6 FRTRFederal Remediation Technologies Round-table3.4.7 FSfeasibility study3.4.8 GWRTACGround Water Remediation TechnologiesAnalysis Center3.4.9 ICinstitutional control3.4.10 ITRCInterstate Technology complete, poten
46、tially complete, andincomplete exposure pathways; and human and ecologicalreceptors. In addition, the conceptual model should identifytype and concentration of COCs, affected environmental me-dia, and specific areas within the affected environmental mediato be addressed by the selected remedial acti
47、on. Although aconceptual model should be developed prior to initiation of therisk-based remedy selection process, the conceptual modelshould be considered dynamic and should be updated asneeded during the risk-based remedy selection process toreflect any changes in the understanding of the site. A c
48、oncep-tual model may be developed using Guide E1689, GuideE2531, and/or Guide D7294.5.2 Identification of Risk-Based Remedial ActionObjectivesRisk-based remedial action objectives are used toidentify remedial actions that will be protective of humanhealth and the environment. It is assumed that user
49、s of thisguide will have developed appropriate risk-based remedialaction objectives which are protective of human health and theenvironment using RBCA or a similar risk-based framework.The risk-based remedial action objectives should include: (1)identification of types and concentrations of COCs, (2) affectedenvironmental media, (3) complete exposure pathways andresource protection requirements, and (4) remedial actionlevels and their basis. Remedial action objectives may beestablished using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/or GuideE2205.5.3 Identificatio
