1、Designation: E2616 09 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forRemedy Selection Integrating Risk-Based Corrective Actionand Non-Risk Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of appropriate remedialactions at sites where a release
3、of chemicals (for example,vapor-phase, dissolved-phase, or non-aqueous phase liquids(NAPL) into the environment has occurred. This overallremedy selection process is illustrated in Fig. 1. The guide isintended to be applied within a risk-based corrective action(RBCA) framework.1.2 The purpose of thi
4、s guide is to facilitate the selection ofacceptable remedial actions and to minimize bad decisionsleading to the selection of remedial actions that do not satisfyboth the risk-based remedial action objectives and the non-riskremedial action objectives.1.3 This guide is intended to be applied at site
5、s that requirea remedial action to address unacceptable human heath orecological risks, other regulatory requirements, and/or otherunacceptable site conditions. Prior to use of this guide, a siteassessment should be completed resulting in: (1) the establish-ment of remedial action objectives, (2) a
6、determination that aremedial action is required to achieve the remedial actionobjectives, (3) an identification of site areas requiring aremedial action, and (4) a conceptual site model that reflectsthe results of the site assessment. The risk-based remedialaction objectives are assumed to have been
7、 established usingRBCA or another risk-based assessment method that results inthe identification of appropriate remedial action objectivesbased on an evaluation of sources, exposure pathways, andpotential receptors. Remedial action objectives may be estab-lished using Guide E1739, Guide E2081, and/o
8、r Guide E2205.In addition, applicable federal, state, and local regulations,statutes, and policies should be followed and should form thebasis for determining risk-based and non-risk remedial actionobjectives. The remedial action objectives may include re-source protection standards and the preventi
9、on of aesthetic ornuisance impacts in addition to protection of human health andthe environment.1.4 Each risk-based remedial action objective for an expo-sure pathway will typically include numeric remedial actionlevels for each chemical of concern (COC). Remedial actionlevels may also be developed
10、for non-risk remedial actionobjectives such as resource protection standards. The non-riskremedial action levels may include thickness or mobilitycriteria for NAPL. The selected remedy must be effective andtimely for each remedial action objective based on the consid-eration of the associated exposu
11、re pathway or resource protec-tion standard.1.5 To facilitate the selection of acceptable remedial actions,this guide establishes a process for remedy selection (Fig. 2)that involves:1.5.1 Development of risk-based remedial action objectivesthat includes identification of complete exposure pathways
12、andnumeric remedial action levels (Section 5).1.5.2 Development of non-risk remedial action objectivesbased on resource protection and other non-risk considerations.Resource protection objectives typically include numeric re-medial action levels while other non-risk criteria are typicallynon-numeric
13、 and may include: remediation timeframe,implementability, cost effectiveness, regulatory compliance,property use requirements, liability control, and communityconcern (Section 5).1.5.3 Evaluation of protectiveness to identify protectiveremedial actions that will be effective and timely for eachrisk-
14、based remedial action objective for the site (Section 6).1.5.4 Evaluation of the retained remedies using the non-riskremedial action objectives to identify acceptable remedialactions that satisfy the minimum level for each non-riskcriterion (Section 7).1.5.5 Remedial action selection to select the a
15、cceptableremedial action to be implemented at the site (Section 8).1.5.6 Remedy design and implementation to ensure that theselected remedy is effectively implemented at the site andsatisfies the remedial action objectives (Section 9).1.6 This guide is intended for use in the selection of finalremed
16、ial actions. This guide may also be used in the selectionof interim measures provided that risk-based remedial actionobjectives and non-risk remedial action objectives are availablefor the evaluation of these interim measures.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on Environmenta
17、lAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E261609. DOI:10.1520/E2616-09R14.Copyr
18、ight ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This guide is not intended to specifically address con-tractor
19、health and safety issues. It is the responsibility of theuser of this guide to ensure that Occupational Safety andFIG. 1 Remedy Selection ProcessE2616 09 (2014)2FIG. 2 Remedy Selection FlowchartE2616 09 (2014)3FIG. 2 Remedy Selection Flowchart (continued)E2616 09 (2014)4Health Administration (OSHA)
20、regulatory requirements aremet,and appropriate industry practices are consulted for guid-ance.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pra
21、ctices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Va-dose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at HazardousWaste Contaminated SitesD7294 Guide for Collecting Treatment Process
22、Design Dataat a Contaminated SiteA Site Contaminated WithChemicals of InterestE1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE1739 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied atPetroleum Release SitesE1912 Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Con-firmed or Suspe
23、cted Petroleum Releases (Withdrawn2013)3E1943 Guide for Remediation of Ground Water by NaturalAttenuation at Petroleum Release SitesE2081 Guide for Risk-Based Corrective ActionE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineering ControlsE2205 Guide for Risk-Bas
24、ed Corrective Action for Protec-tion of Ecological ResourcesE2435 Guide for Application of Engineering Controls toFacilitate Use or Redevelopment of Chemical-AffectedPropertiesE2531 Guide for Development of Conceptual Site Modelsand Remediation Strategies for Light Nonaqueous-PhaseLiquids Released t
25、o the Subsurface3. Terminology3.1 Conceptual Model Terms:3.1.1 siteThe area(s) defined by the likely physical distri-bution of the COCs from a source area. A site could be anentire property or facility, a defined area or portion of a facilityor property, or multiple facilities or properties. One fac
26、ilitymay contain multiple sites. Multiple sites at one facility may beaddressed individually or as a group.3.1.2 site assessmentThe characterization of a site todetermine whether a release has occurred, the concentrations ofthe COCs in environmental media, and the distribution of theCOCs. The site a
27、ssessment collects data on soil, groundwater,air, and surface water quality; site characteristics (for example,subsurface geology, geochemistry, soil properties andstructures, hydrology and surface characteristics), land andresource use, and potential receptors, and generates informa-tion to develop
28、 a conceptual site model to support risk-baseddecision making. The results of the site assessment are used to(1) establish remedial action objectives, (2) determine whethera remedial action is required to achieve the remedial actionobjectives, (3) identify site areas requiring a remedial action,and
29、(4) develop a conceptual site model that reflects the resultsof the site assessment. The site assessment may be conductedusing Practice D6235 or Guide E1912.3.1.3 complete exposure pathwayThe route a COC takesfrom the source area(s) to a human or ecological receptor. Acomplete exposure pathway descr
30、ibes a mechanism by whichan individual or population is or could be exposed to COCsoriginating from the site. Each exposure pathway is associatedwith a source, a point of exposure, and an exposure route. If theexposure point is not at the source, a transport/exposuremechanism is included.3.1.4 conce
31、ptual site modelThe integrated representationof the physical and environmental context, the complete andpotentially complete exposure pathways and the potential fateand transport of chemicals(s) of concern at a site. The siteconceptual model should include both the current understand-ing of the site
32、 and the understanding of the potential futureconditions and uses for the site. It provides a method toconduct the exposure pathway evaluation, inventory the expo-sure pathways evaluated, and determine the status of theexposure pathways as incomplete, potentially complete, orcomplete.3.1.5 risk-base
33、d remedial action objectivesAset of objec-tives based on protection of human health and the environmentdeveloped for the site that identifies the COCs, affectedenvironmental media, complete exposure pathways, and risk-based remedial action levels.3.1.6 non-risk remedial action objectivesA set of obj
34、ec-tives based on non-risk considerations for current and futuresite management. These objectives may include action levelsbased on aesthetic criteria or other resource protection stan-dards with non-risk remedial action levels. In addition, theseobjectives not directly based on COC concentrations s
35、uch as:remediation timeframe, implementability, cost effectiveness,regulatory compliance, property use requirements, liabilitycontrol, and community concern.3.1.7 remedial action levelsConcentrations of COCs inthe source media and/or receptor media below which remedialactions are not required in ord
36、er to satisfy the remedial actionobjectives. Non-risk remedial action levels may include re-source protection standards not linked to a complete exposurepathway (that is, the application of drinking water standards towater resources not currently used for drinking water). Non-risk remedial action le
37、vels may also include thickness ormobility criteria for NAPL.3.2 Types of Remedial Action Technologies:2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
38、 Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.E2616 09 (2014)53.2.1 removalA remedial action technology to take envi-ronmental media away from the site to another location forstorage, processing, or disposal in accordanc
39、e with all appli-cable requirements.3.2.2 decontaminationA remedial action technologybased on permanent and irreversible treatment processes to anenvironmental medium so that the threat of release of COCs atconcentrations above the remedial action levels is eliminated.3.2.3 activity and use limitati
40、on (AUL)A remedial actiontechnology that relies on institutional controls (ICs) or engi-neering controls (ECs) (collectively, ICs and ECs are known as“activity and use limitations”) to prevent exposure to COCspresent in environmental media at concentrations above theremedial action levels. An AUL te
41、chnology can be used toeliminate a complete or potentially complete exposure pathwayby eliminating the receptor or by preventing transport of theCOCs to the receptor. AUL measures must be combined withappropriate maintenance, monitoring, and any necessary fur-ther remedial action to satisfy the reme
42、dial action objectivesand be protective of human health and the environment.3.3 Remedy Selection:3.3.1 remedial actionOne or more technologies imple-mented at a site to address environmental media containingCOCs at concentrations exceeding the remedial action levelsdefined for the site. A remedial a
43、ction for a site may involveremoval, decontamination, and/or AUL technologies includingmonitoring.3.3.2 potential remedial actionApotential remedial actionis any remedial action evaluated for implementation at the siteas part of the risk-based remedy selection process.3.3.3 protective remedial actio
44、nA protective remedial ac-tion can achieve all of the risk-based remedial action objectivesthrough timely removal, decontamination, and/or implementa-tion of AULs for environmental media containing COC con-centrations above the risk-based remedial action levels.3.3.4 acceptable remedial actionAn acc
45、eptable remedialaction is able to achieve all of the risk-based and non-riskremedial action objectives.3.4 Acronyms:3.4.1 AULactivity and use limitation3.4.2 CMScorrective measures study3.4.3 COCchemical of concern3.4.4 ECengineering control3.4.5 ETCAPEnvironmental Technology Cost SavingsAnalysis Pr
46、oject3.4.6 FRTRFederal Remediation Technologies Round-table3.4.7 FSfeasibility study3.4.8 GWRTACGround Water Remediation TechnologiesAnalysis Center3.4.9 ICinstitutional control3.4.10 ITRCInterstate Technology complete, potentially complete, andincomplete exposure pathways; and human and ecologicalr
47、eceptors. In addition, the conceptual model should identifytype and concentration of COCs, affected environmentalmedia, and specific areas within the affected environmentalmedia to be addressed by the selected remedial action. Al-though a conceptual model should be developed prior toinitiation of th
48、e risk-based remedy selection process, theconceptual model should be considered dynamic and should beupdated as needed during the risk-based remedy selectionprocess to reflect any changes in the understanding of the site.A conceptual model may be developed using Guide E1689,Guide E2531, and/or Guide
49、 D7294.5.2 Identification of Risk-Based Remedial ActionObjectivesRisk-based remedial action objectives are used toidentify remedial actions that will be protective of humanhealth and the environment. It is assumed that users of thisguide will have developed appropriate risk-based remedialaction objectives which are protective of human health and theenvironment using RBCA or a similar risk-based framework.The risk-based remedial action objectives should include: (1)identification of types and concentrations of COCs, (2) affectedenvironmental media, (3)
