1、Designation: E 2618 08Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Particulate Emissions and HeatingEfficiency of Outdoor Solid Fuel-Fired Hydronic HeatingAppliances1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2618; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired or automaticallyfed biomass bu
3、rning hydronic heating appliances, which themanufacturer specifies for outdoor installation or in structuresnot normally occupied by humans. These appliances transferheat to the indoor environment through circulation of a liquidheat exchange media such as water or a water-antifreezemixture.1.2 The t
4、est method simulates hand loading of seasonedcordwood or fueling with a specified biomass fuel and mea-sures particulate emissions and delivered heating efficiency atspecified heat output rates based on the appliances ratedheating capacity.1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilutiontunnel
5、 method as specified in Test Method E 2515. DeliveredEfficiency is measured by determining the heat output throughmeasurement of the flow rate and temperature change of watercirculated through a heat exchanger external to the applianceand determining the input from the mass of dry fuel and itshigher
6、 heating value. Delivered efficiency does not attempt toaccount for pipeline loss.1.4 Products covered by this test method include bothpressurized and non-pressurized heating appliances intended tobe fired with wood or automatically fed biomass fuels. Theseproducts are hydronic heating appliances wh
7、ich the manufac-turer specifies for outdoor installation or in structures notnormally occupied by humans. They are often connected to anindoor heat exchanger by insulated pipes buried in the groundand normally include a pump to circulate heated liquid. Theyare used to heat structures such as homes,
8、barns, and green-houses and can heat domestic hot water, spas, or swimmingpools.1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by thisstandard include:1.5.1 Manufacturers specify outdoor installation or installa-tion in structures not normally occupied by humans.1.5.2 A firebox with an access door
9、for hand loading of fuelor a hopper and automated feed system for delivery ofparticulate fuel such as wood pellets or solid biomass fuel to aburn pot or combustion chamber.1.5.3 Typically a thermostatic control device that controlscombustion air supply or fuel delivery, or both, to maintain theliqui
10、d in the appliance within a predetermined temperaturerange provided sufficient fuel is available in the firebox orhopper.1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion productsfrom the appliance.1.6 The values stated are to be regarded as the standardwhether in inch-pound or SI units. The values g
11、iven inparentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulat
12、ory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE711 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived Fuel by the Bomb CalorimeterE 25
13、15 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology E 631, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn ratethe rate at which test fuel i
14、s consumed inan appliance measured in kilograms or pounds of fuel (drybasis) per hour (kg/h).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved J
15、uly 1, 2008. Published August 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Internatio
16、nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 delivered effciencythe percentage of heat availablein a test fuel charge that is delivered to a simulated heating loadas specified in this test method. This test does not account forjacket losses or for tr
17、ansfer line losses which will vary withactual application.3.2.3 fireboxthe chamber in the appliance in which thetest fuel charge is placed and combusted.3.2.4 hydronic heatinga heating system in which a heatsource supplies energy to a liquid heat exchange media such aswater that is circulated to a h
18、eating load and returned to theheat source through pipes.3.2.5 manufacturers rated heat output capacitythe valuein Btu/h (MJ/h) that the manufacturer specifies a particularmodel of hydronic heating appliance is capable of supplying atits design capacity as verified by testing, in accordance withSect
19、ion 12.3.2.6 test fuel chargea full load of fuel as specified inSection 12 placed in the appliance at the start of the emissiontest run or the mass of fuel consumed by automatically fedappliance during a test run.3.2.7 test runan individual emission test which encom-passes the time required to consu
20、me the mass of the test fuelcharge.3.2.8 thermostatic controla control device that opens,closes or modulates a circuit to control the rate of fuelconsumption in response to the temperature of the heatingmedia in the heating appliance.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Dilution TunnelEmissions are determin
21、ed using the“dilution tunnel” method specified in Test Method E 2515. Theflow rate in the dilution tunnel is maintained at a constant levelthroughout the test cycle and accurately measured. Samples ofthe dilution tunnel flow stream are extracted at a constant flowrate and drawn through high efficien
22、cy filters. The filters aredried and weighed before and after the test to determine theparticulate emissions catch and this value is multiplied by theratio of tunnel flow to filter flow to determine the totalemissions produced in the test cycle.4.2 Delivered EffciencyThe efficiency test proceduretak
23、es advantage of the fact that this type of appliance deliversheat through circulation of the heated liquid (water) from theappliance to a remote heat exchanger and back to the appli-ance. Measurements of the water temperature difference as itenters and exits the heat exchanger along with the measure
24、dflow rate allow for an accurate determination of the useful heatoutput of the appliance. The input is determined by weight ofthe test fuel charge, adjusted for moisture content, multipliedby the higher heating value. Additional measurements of theappliance weight and temperature at the beginning an
25、d end ofa test cycle are used to correct for heat stored in the appliance.4.3 OperationAppliance operation is conducted on ahot-to-hot test cycle meaning that the appliance is brought tooperating temperature and a coal bed is established prior to theaddition of the test fuel charge and measurements
26、are made foreach test fuel charge cycle. The measurements are made underconstant heat draw conditions within predetermined ranges. Noattempt is made to modulate the heat demand to simulate anindoor thermostat cycling on and off in response to changes inthe indoor environment. Four test categories ar
27、e used. Theseare:4.3.1 Category IA heat output of 15 % or less of Manu-facturers Rated Heat Output Capacity.4.3.2 Category IIA heat output of 16 to 24 % of Manu-facturers Rated Heat Output Capacity.4.3.3 Category IIIA heat output of 25 to 50 % of Manu-facturers Rated Heat Output Capacity.4.3.4 Categ
28、ory IVManufacturers Rated Heat Output Ca-pacity.5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates isan important test method widely used in the practice of airpollution control.5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal orstate agencies, are often required for t
29、he purpose of determin-ing compliance with regulations and statutes.5.1.2 The measurements made before and after designmodifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness ofdesign changes in reducing emissions and make this standardan important tool in manufacturers research and development
30、programs.5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniformbasis for comparison of product performance that is useful tothe consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced tothe useful heat production.5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to befully representative of a
31、ll actual field use. It is recognized thatusers of hand-fired wood burning equipment have a great dealof influence over the performance of any wood-burning appli-ance. Some compromises in realism have been made in theinterest of providing a reliable and repeatable test method.6. Apparatus6.1 ScaleA
32、platform scale capable of weighing the appli-ance under test and associated parts and accessories whencompletely filled with water to an accuracy of 61.0 lb (60.5kg).6.2 Heat ExchangerA water-to-water heat exchanger ca-pable of dissipating the expected heat output from the systemunder test.6.3 Tempe
33、rature Difference MeasurementThermocouplesor a thermopile installed in thermowells shall be used tomeasure the temperature difference in water entering andleaving the heat exchanger. The temperature difference mea-surement shall have an uncertainty of 6 0.50F (6 0.25C).6.4 Water Flow MeterA totalizi
34、ng type water flow meterwith a resolution of 0.1 gal (0.025 L) and an accuracy of 0.5 %of volume recorded or a flow meter with an accuracy of 60.01gal/min (60.0025 L/min).6.5 Recirculation PumpCirculating pump used during testto prevent stratification of liquid being heated.7. Hazards7.1 These tests
35、 involve combustion of solid fuel and sub-stantial release of heat and products of combustion. TheE2618082heating system also produces large quantities of very hot waterand the potential for steam production and system pressuriza-tion. Pressurized (closed system) appliances must include anappropriat
36、ely rated American Society of Mechanical Engineers(ASME) pressure relief device and a pressure vessel thatcomplies with the ASME Pressure Vessel Code. Appropriateprecautions must be taken to protect personnel from burnhazards and respiration of products of combustion.8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and
37、 Test Appliances8.1 Test specimens shall be supplied as complete appliancesincluding all controls and accessories necessary for installationin the test facility. A full set of specifications and design andassembly drawings shall be provided when the product is to beplaced under certification of a th
38、ird-party agency. The manu-facturers written installation and operating instructions are tobe used as a guide in the set up and testing of the appliance.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 The appliance is to be placed on a scale capable ofweighing the appliance fully loaded with a resolution of 61.0lb (
39、60.5 kg).9.2 The appliance shall be fitted with the type of chimneyrecommended or provided by the manufacture and extending to15 6 0.5 ft (4.6 6 0.15 m) from the upper surface of the scale.If no flue or chimney system is recommended or providedconnect the appliance to a flue of a diameter equal to t
40、he flueoutlet of the appliance and extending 15 6 0.5 ft from the topof the scale. For flue systems not provided by the manufacturer,the flue section from the appliance flue collar to 8 6 0.5 ftabove the scale shall be single wall stove pipe and theremainder of the flue shall be double wall insulate
41、d class Achimney.9.3 The manufacturer may request that a recirculation pumpbe installed between connections at the top and bottom of theappliance to minimize thermal stratification. The pump shallnot be installed in such a way as to change or affect the flowrate between the appliance and the heat ex
42、changer. As analternative, the testing lab may employ a thermocouple tree todetermine the average unit temperature.9.4 Prior to filling the tank, weigh and record the appliancemass.9.5 Plumb the unit to a water-to-water heat exchanger withsufficient capacity to draw off heat at the maximum rateantic
43、ipated. Route hoses and electrical cables and instrumentwires in a manner that does not influence the weighingaccuracy of the scale as indicated by placing dead weights onthe platform and verifying the scales accuracy.9.6 Locate thermocouples to measure the water temperatureat the inlet and outlet o
44、f the heat exchanger in the supply lineand return line from the cooling water system. Also install acalibrated water flow meter. If temperature differences areexpected to be small, a differential thermopile should be usedto measure the water delta-T. The water flow meter is to beinstalled on the coo
45、ling water inlet side of the heat exchangerso that it will operate at the same temperature as its calibration.Place the heat exchanger in a box with 2 in. (50 mm) ofexpanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation surrounding it tominimize heat losses form the heat exchanger. The reportedefficiency and he
46、at output rate shall be based on measurementsmade on the load side of the system. (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.)9.7 Temperature instrumentation shall be installed in theoutput and return lines from the appliance (supply side). Theaverage of the outlet and return water temperature on thesupply side of the
47、system shall be considered the averageFIG. 1 Heat Exchanger SchematicE2618083appliance temperature for calculation of heat storage in theappliance (TFavgand TIavg).9.8 Fill the system with water. Determine the total weight ofthe water in the appliance when the water is circulating. Verifythat the sc
48、ale indicates a stable weight under operating condi-tions. Make sure air is purged properly.10. Calibration and Standardization10.1 Temperature SensorsTemperature measuring equip-ment shall be calibrated to National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) traceable standards at least once every
49、sixmonths.10.2 Water Flow MeterThe water flow meter shall becalibrated using NIST Traceable methods at least once everysix months. At the conclusion of each test run that accuracy ofthe water meter shall be verified by collecting water from theoutlet of the load side of the system for a timed interval andweighing the water collected. The flow rate in gallons perminute shall be within 60.5 % of that indicated by the watermeter.10.3 ScalesThe scales used to weigh the appliance andtest fuel charge shall be calibrated using NIST Traceablemethods at lea
