1、Designation: E 2643 08Standard Terminology Relating toNatural Multi-Cellular Biological Control Organisms1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2643; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology may be general, but is representedhere for application in the realm of Subcommittee E35.30.These terms are
3、 quoted from Penn et al2and are reiterated hereso that people using E35.30 standards can all interpret theterms in the same way in discussions, applications, andrevisions of the standards. The applicability of these terms togeneral use has not been examined by Subcommittee E35.30.2. Terminologyappli
4、cation, nthe release of the natural enemies or otherwiseputting them to use.contaminant, nany undesirable organisms not claimed onthe product information.customer involvement, nselection of product, application ofthe product, evaluation of the results, and feedback withencouragement of continual inf
5、ormational flow.level of purity, nsee purity level.performance (of natural enemies in pest management),nthe capacity to maintain pest populations at acceptablelevels. Performance is a function of innate genetic charac-teristics, the effects of production, storage, shipping, appli-cation method, appl
6、ication timing, and environmental effectson survival, reproduction, and frequency of attacks againsthosts/prey.performance evaluation, nassessment of the effects ofnatural enemy application upon the target pest populationunder controlled conditions.process control, nthe means of assuring the perform
7、ance ofproduction processes through sampling of all life stages ofthe arthropods in production, using indicators to predictquality and minimizing variance from predetermined stan-dards.product control, nassurance of conformity of the product toacceptable standards of quality through monitoring proce
8、-dures applied at the end of production. Such proceduressubstantially increase the probability that the product will beeffective in performing its intended function but cannotpredict performance because of the highly variable condi-tions to which the product may be exposed after the productis shippe
9、d.product control guidelines, nsuggested standards and pro-cesses for product control procedures that might be adoptedby commercial insectaries, trade associations, and othergroups to provide consistency in product control.product handling and evaluation, nenvironmental condi-tions and actions desig
10、nated by the customer, includingassessments of quantity and quality of the product prior toapplication.production control, nmanagement of the consistency, reli-ability, and timeliness of production output through moni-toring items such as materials, equipment, environments,schedules, and personnel.p
11、roduct profile, na document supplied by a producer, oftenwith a product shipment, to provide the customer withinformation on the nature of the product being shipped andmethods of storing and using the product properly. Detailssuch as identity, quantity, origin, life stages shipped, sexratio, and exp
12、iration date are usually included. Alternatively,similar information of a more generic nature may bedeveloped by an organization of producers.purity level, na percentage calculated as the number of theclaimed species divided by the total number of predators orparasites in the container. Purity level
13、 does not addressprey/host items in the package. Because the term Purityexpressed alone denotes a 100 % purity level, caution shouldbe exercised in the use of these terms.quality, nthe suitability of a product for its intended use andits degree of excellence in comparison with standardsquality assur
14、ance, nthe process by which confidence in thequality of a product is developed. Quality assurance goesbeyond quality control in that it involves both the procedures1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsi
15、bility ofSubcommittee E35.30 on Natural Multi-Cellular (Metazoan) Biological ControlOrganisms.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008.2Penn, Ridgway, Scriven, and Inscoe, “Quality Assurance by the CommercialProducer of Arthropod Natural Enemies,” in Mass-reared Natural Enemies:
16、Application, Regulation and Needs, Ridgway et al. (ed.), ESA Thomas SayPublications: Proceedings, 1998, pp. 202 227.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.whereby the producer makes certain that the quality of theproduct is
17、maintained and the processes through which thecustomer, the ultimate user, gains confidence in that product.For this reason, customer involvement and customer educa-tion are critical components of quality assurance.quality management, na system for monitoring and direct-ing desired outcome.quality c
18、ontrol, na system for verifying and maintaining adesired level of quality in a product or process by carefulplanning, continued inspection, and corrective action whererequired. Three major interrelated elements of quality con-trol are production control, process control, and productcontrol (defined
19、above). See also total quality manage-ment.reference date, na date denoting the producers referencepoint in the products life that allows for the age of thepackage contents to be identified. The reference date may bein the form of a week number or an actual day and should beinterpretable by the cust
20、omer. Examples are: harvest date,“best if used by date,” packaging date, expiry date.sex ratio, nthe ratio of the number of females of the claimedspecies to the total number of males of the claimed speciesin the unit being examined.total quality management, na program or philosophy thatincludes the
21、customer as a major component of a dynamicsystem in which processes and products are continuouslyexamined for ways of improvement.Afundamental aspect oftotal quality management is identification of the desiredcharacteristics of a product, followed by achievement ofthese characteristics through minim
22、izing variance at definedcritical control points.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for addi
23、tional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to th
24、e ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2643082
