1、Designation: E2662 09E2662 15Standard Practice forRadiologicRadiographic Examination of Flat PanelComposites and Sandwich Core Materials Used inAerospace Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department
3、of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice is intended to be used as a supplement to Practices E1742, E1255, E2033and , and E2033E2698.1.2 This practice describes procedures for radiologicradiographic examination of flat panel composites and sandwich corematerials made entirely or in part from fibe
4、r-reinforced polymer matrix composites. RadiologicRadiographic examination is: a)radiographic (RT) with film, Film Radiography (RT), b) Computed Radiography (CR) with Imaging Plate, c) DigitalRadiologyRadiography (DR) with Digital Detector Arrays (DDA), and d) Radioscopic (RTR) Real Time RadiologyRa
5、diographywith a detection system such as an Image Intensifier. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuoushigh modulus fibers ( 20 GPa), such as those listed in 1.4.1.3 This practice describes established radiologicalradiographic examination methods that are currently us
6、ed by industry thathave demonstrated utility in quality assurance of flat panel composites and sandwich core materials during product process designand optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, in service examination, and health monitoring. Additionalguidance can be found in E2533
7、, Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace.1.4 This practice has utility for examination of flat panel composites and sandwich constructions containing, but not limited to,bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amide imide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermoset
8、ting and thermoplastic), poly(etherether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices;and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, crossply
9、 and angle ply laminates; as well as honeycomb core sandwich constructions.1.5 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving flat panelcomposites or sandwich core materials for service.1.6 To ensure proper use of the referenced standard
10、s, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that arecertified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that a NDT specialist be a part of anycomposite component design, quality assurance, in service maintenance or damage examination.1.7 This standa
11、rd does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
12、Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability Characteristics of Plastic Film and SheetingD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsE94 Guide for Radiographic Examination1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07
13、 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X andGamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2009June 1, 2015. Published June 2009July 2015. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved as E266215. DOI:10.1520/E2662-09.10.1520/E2
14、662-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended
15、only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current ve
16、rsionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E543 Specification for Agencies Perfo
17、rming Nondestructive TestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used forRadiologyE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators
18、(IQI)Used for RadiologyE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in DatabasesE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1471 Gu
19、ide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core Materials in Computerized Material Property DatabasesE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial RadiographyE1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Usi
20、ng Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)E2007 Guide for Computed RadiographyE2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)E2445 Practice for Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability of Computed Radiography SystemsE2446 Practice for Classification of Computed Rad
21、iology SystemsE2533 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace ApplicationsE2597 Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Digital Detector ArraysE2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using Digital Detector ArraysE2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array
22、RadiologyE2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array Performance Evaluation and Long-Term Stability2.2 2.2 National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) Documents:3NCRP 49 Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays X-Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up to10 M
23、eVNCRP 116 Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing RadiationNCRP 144 Radiation Protection for Particle Accelerator Facilities2.3 Federal Standards:410 CFR 20 Standards for Protection Against Radiation21 CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-ray Systems29 CFR 1910.1096 Ionizing Radiation (X-rays, R
24、F, etc.)2.4 2.4 Aerospace Industries Association Document:5NAS 410 Certification facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content,adhesive void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwich core materials); overall thick
25、ness, specimen alignment,and specimen geometry relative to the beam (flat panels and sandwich core materials).5.3 Information regarding discontinuities that are detectable using radiographic examination methods can be found in GuideE2533.E2662 1536. Qualification6.1 Personnel QualificationIf specifi
26、ed in the contractual agreement, personnel Personnel performing examinations to thisstandardpractice shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualificationpractice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, or similar document NAS4
27、10 or EN 4179 and certifiedby the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its employer. Other equivalent qualificationdocuments may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be identified the latestunless otherwise
28、 specified in the contractual agreement between the using parties.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) AgenciesWhen specified in the contractual agreement, nondestructivetesting agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Practice E543.6.2.1 SafetyThe NDT facility shall pr
29、esent no hazards to the safety of personnel and property. NCRP 144,NCRP 144 andNCRP 116 may be used as guides to ensure that radiologicalradiographic procedures are performed so that personnel shall notreceive a radiation dose exceeding the maximum safe limits as permitted by city, state, or nationa
30、l codes.7. Equipment and Materials7.1 Equipment:7.1.1 X-Radiation SourcesSelection of suitable X-ray machines will depend upon variables regarding the specimen beingexamined and the size and type of defects being sought. The suitability of an X-ray machine shall be demonstrated by attainmentof the r
31、equired radiographic quality level, radiographic contrast, and compliance with all other requirements stipulated in thisStandard.practice.7.1.1.1 Geometric magnification may be used with the following caveats and considerations: a) The higher the magnificationfactor used, the smaller the area of ins
32、pection becomes within the part that is normal to the radiation beam. This makes detectionof certain discontinuities, such as cracks that occupy a significant portion of the part thickness more challenging to detect. b)System spatial resolution increases with magnification, which can increase overal
33、l system sharpness. However, the maximummagnification allowed shall be based on the unsharpness requirements of Table 1. c) Contrast to Noise increases with greater objectto detector distance because less scatter radiation reaches the detector.(a) The higher the magnification factor used, the smalle
34、r the area of inspection becomes within the part that is normal to theradiation beam.This makes detection of certain discontinuities, such as cracks that occupy a significant portion of the part thicknessmore challenging to detect.(b) System spatial resolution increases with magnification, which can
35、 increase overall system sharpness. However, themaximum magnification allowed shall be based on the unsharpness requirements of Table 1.(c) Contrast to Noise increases with greater object-to-detector distance because less scatter radiation reaches the detector.7.1.1.2 When using magnification, the f
36、ocal spot size should be small enough to avoid unsharpness due to the size of the focalspot in accordance with section 8.58.5 herein. For evaluation of a proper focal spot size, refer to Guide E1000, subsection 11.3and Fig. 19.7.1.2 Gamma Radiation SourcesGamma radiation sources are generally not su
37、itable for the high contrast, high sensitivityrequirements needed to meet the requirements of this practice. The use of gamma ray sources will only be allowed when approvedby the CEO, or the certifiedcognizant Level 3 Radiographer, or both. The suitability of a specific gamma ray source shall bedemo
38、nstrated by attainment of the required radiographic quality level, radiographic contrast, and compliance with all otherrequirements stipulated in this practice.7.1.3 Film Processing EquipmentThe following are the descriptions of automatic processors and manual processing in regardsto film processing
39、 equipment.7.1.3.1 Automatic Film ProcessorsAutomatic film processors shall conform to the film manufacturers requirements (that is,time, temperature, and replenishment rates) for film processing, and be maintained in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations in such a manner as to consistent
40、ly produce blemish free blemish-free and archival quality radiographs.Automatic processor replenisher tanks, including auto mixers shall be set up and maintained in accordance with the filmmanufacturers recommendations, that is, floating lid in developer tank, filters on replenishment lines, or clea
41、ned periodically.7.1.3.2 Manual Film ProcessingManual processing tanks and film dryers shall conform to the film manufacturersrequirements (that is, stainless steel or other non-reactive material, proper covers) and shall be large enough to consistently produceblemish free blemish-free and archival
42、quality radiographs. Manual tanks shall be cleaned and supplied with fresh chemistry usingthe following guidelines:TABLE 1 Image Unsharpness (Ui) (Maximum)Material Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ui, in. (mm)Material Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ui, in. (mm)t # 0.5 (t # 12.7) 0.008 (0.203)0.5 t # 1.0 (12.7 t # 2
43、5.4) 0.010 (0.254)1.0 t # 2.0 (25.4 t # 50.8) 0.020 (0.508)2.0 t # 4.0 (50.8 t # 101.6) 0.030 (0.762)4.0 t (101.6 t) 0.040 (1.016)E2662 154(1) Developer TankDrain and clean it when replenisher has been added to an amount equal to five times the volume of thetank. The amount of replenisher added shal
44、l be recorded for reference.(2) Fixer TankDrain and clean it when the clearing time is twice as long as it was when fresh (fresh fixer will usually cleara film in approximately 60 seconds). The initial clearing time shall be recorded for reference.(3) Wash and Stop Bath TanksThe wash tank and stop b
45、ath tanks shall be cleaned whenever the fixer or developer tanks arecleaned.7.1.4 Digital Detector Array, or CR, or BothThe DDA, or CR, or both, must have an appropriate signal to noisesignal-to-noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution capability, image lag for DDA (or burn in)/effectiv
46、e effective erasurecapability for CR, and dynamic range to show the required radiologicalradiographic quality level as agreed upon between user andthe CEO. Practices E2446E2033, E2445and, E2597, E2698may , and E2737 should be consulted as applicable for aid indetermining relevant variables and value
47、s to consider.7.1.4.1 Users shall comply with the manufacturers recommendations of temperatures for both operation and shipping, andtolerances in the temperature thereof.7.1.5 Upon installation of the DDA, or CR, or both, an initial series of user tests to baseline attributes such as (but not limite
48、dto) signal to noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution, image lag (for DDA)/ adequate erasure for CR, bad pixels (forDDA), etc., shall be as agreed upon between user and the CEO. shall be accomplished to establish baseline system performancein accordance with Practices E2446E2445 and E
49、2597E2737 may be consulted for aid in determining relevant tests to measure theseattributes.as applicable.7.1.5.1 The DDA, or CR, or both, should be calibrated using the manufacturers recommendation both for frequency ofcalibration and the method used.NOTE 1The calibration process is done to remove spatial inhomogeneities of the images, and interpolation of bad pixels in a DDA.7.1.6 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) and Shims:7.1.6.1 Hole Type IQIs shall comply with Practice E1025 group 001 for non-metals and shall be radiographically similar to thematerial under
