1、Designation: E 2693 09An American National StandardStandard Practice forPrevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal FluidEnvironment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing derma-titis caused by exposure to the wet
3、 metal removal environment.The scope of this practice does not include exposure tochemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneousroute), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms toreduce dermal exposure to the wet metal rem
4、oval environmentand to control factors in the wet metal removal environmentthat have the potential to cause dermatitis.1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skinvia contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standa
5、rd. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 2881 Classification for Metal Working Fluid
6、s and RelatedMaterialsE 1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE 1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE 1542 Terminology Re
7、lating to Occupational Health andSafetyE 1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE 2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE 2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalwork-ing
8、or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE 2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE 2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids3E 2525 Test Method for Evaluation of the Effect of Nano-partic
9、ulate Materials on the Formation of MouseGranulocyte-Macrophage Colonies2.2 OSHA Standards:429 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment: GeneralRequirements29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde29 CF
10、R 1910.1200 Hazard Communication29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatoryCompliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-sonal Protective Equipment Selection2.3 Other Documents:ANSI B11 TR 21997 Mist Control Considerations for theDesign, Installation and Use of Machine Tools UsingMetalwo
11、rking Fluids53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, referto Terminology Standards D 1356 and E 1542.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalremoval fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such
12、asabrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 onHealth and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved J
13、uly 1, 2009. Published August 2009.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last appro
14、ved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W.
15、43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,micro biological decay products, and waste. E 14973.2.2 contro
16、l, vto prevent, eliminate or reduce hazardsrelated to use of metal removal fluids in metal removalprocesses and to provide appropriate supplemental and/orinterim protection, as necessary, to employees. E 14973.2.3 dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDermatitis can res
17、ult from a wide va-riety of sources and processes. The most common origins areirritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitisinclude: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itch-ing); and vesiculation (pimple-like
18、 eruptions). In more severecases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) candevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure tothe causative agent ceases. More severe cases can require moretime and some medical attention. Some individuals can be athigher risk. E 25253.2.4 dilution
19、ventilation, nreferring to the supply andexhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, thedilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for thepurpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-sion conditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ve
20、ntilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice6.3.2.5 emergency, nany occurrence, such as but not limitedto equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a signifi-cant amount of metal removal fluid. E 14973.2.6 employee exposure, nc
21、ontact with the metal re-moval fluid, components and contaminants by inhalation, skincontact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion.3.2.7 extractable mass, nthe material removed by liquidextraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solventmixture as described in Test Method PS 42.3.2.8 fo
22、lliculitis, nan inflammatory response to excess oilin hair follicles. E 14973.2.9 metal removal fluid (MRF), nany fluid in the sub-class of metalworking fluids used to cut or otherwise take awaymaterial or piece of stock. E 21483.2.9.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids include straightor neat oils (D 2
23、881), not intended for further dilution withwater, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisynthetics, andsynthetics, which are intended to be diluted with water beforeuse. Metal removal fluids become contaminated during use inthe workplace with a variety of workplace substances includ-ing, but not lim
24、ited to, abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners,dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard watersalts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological decay products, andwaste. These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricityand cooling ability of the metal removal fluid as well as havethe pot
25、ential to adversely affect the health and welfare ofemployees in contact with the contaminated metal removalfluid. E 21483.2.10 metal removal fluid aerosol, nAerosol generatedby operation of the machine tool itself as well as fromcirculation and filtration systems associated with wet metalremoval op
26、erations and can include airborne contaminants of amicrobial origin. E 19723.2.10.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluid aerosol does notinclude background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere,which can include suspended insoluble particulate. E 25253.2.11 metal removal process, na manufacturing processthat
27、 removes metal during shaping of a part, including machin-ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, andtapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,and other similar mechanical operations in which metal isremoved to produce a finished part.3.2.12 total particula
28、te matter, nthe mass of materialsampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filtercassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in TestMethod PS 42.3.2.12.1 DiscussionAs defined in Test Method PS 42,total particulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable orthoracic particulate mass.3.2
29、.13 tramp oil, noil and oil-soluble additives, some-times insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, orsacrificial spindle oil or slide way lubricant, that contaminatethe metal removal fluid. E 14973.2.13.1 DiscussionTramp oils can contaminate the metalremoval fluid with components tha
30、t are emulsifiable but whichwere not part of the metal removal fluid as formulated.E 25253.2.14 wet metal removal fluid environment, nthe work-place environment in which wet metalworking operationsoccur. E 14974. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effectsof Overexposure4.1 Routes of exposure
31、 to metal removal fluids includeinhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and dermal contact. Thispractice focuses on exposure through dermal contact with thefluid, contact with residual fluid on machinery, parts orclothing, and in some cases contact with fluid mists, splashes,or aerosols.4.2 Prolonged or
32、 repeated dermal contact can cause dry andcracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasionscan intensify the effects. Some metal removal fluids andadditives can sensitize the skin of affected employees, whichcan result in a response to very low levels of exposure. Thispractice defines
33、 dermatitis as an inflammatory response to theskin. Dermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources andprocesses. The most common origins are irritant or allergicresponses to a chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptomsthat typify the initial onset of dermatitis include: erythema(redness);
34、edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and, vesicula-tion (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases, fissures(deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) can develop. Thecondition is usually reversible when exposure to the causativeagent ceases. More severe cases can require more time andsome medical at
35、tention.4.3 Aerosols, mist, and vapors can contact and expose theskin as well as contaminate clothing.6Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,Inc. (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240, http:/www.acgih.org.E26930925. Significance and Use5.1 Use of th
36、is practice is intended to reduce occupationaldermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removalenvironment.5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associatedwith exposures to metal removal fluid.5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation ofmetal removal fluid management pro
37、gram has the potential toreduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of aneffective program include: understanding dermatitis and asso-ciated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metalremoval fluids; appropriate product selection; good manage-ment of additives, microorganisms,
38、 and fluids; appropriateadditive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection andadditive control; appropriate tool design and assessment andcontrol of metal removal fluid exposures including aerosols.6. Dermatitis and Associated Causes6.1 DiscussionDermatitis can result from a wide varietyof sour
39、ces and processes. The most common origins are irritantor allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent. Signs andsymptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis include:erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and,vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases
40、,fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) can develop. Thecondition is usually reversible when exposure to the causativeagent ceases. More severe cases can require more time andsome medical attention.6.2 Some examples of occupational dermatitis include:6.2.1 Irritant contact dermatitis (from i
41、rritant chemicals orphysical irritants)6.2.2 Allergic contact dermatitis,6.2.3 Folliculitis (oil acne),6.2.4 Dyshydrotic eczema,6.2.5 Keratoses,6.2.6 Eczema,6.2.7 Skin warts,6.2.8 Pigment disorders,6.2.9 Granuloma,6.2.10 Erythematous papules,6.2.11 Papulovesicles,6.2.12 Chronic lichenified,6.2.13 Fi
42、sssured palmar eczema,6.2.14 Discoid eczema,6.2.15 Psoriasis,6.2.16 Skin infections,6.2.17 Skin burns,6.2.18 Skin microtrauma and mechanical injury,6.2.19 Itchy nummular dermatitis.6.3 Dermatitis resulting from exposure to metal removalfluids is usually either irritant contact dermatitis or allergic
43、contact dermatitis. See Section 3, Terminology.6.4 Irritant contact dermatitis can be caused by two mecha-nisms, chemical and physical abrasion. Examples of a chemicalmechanism include metal removal fluid concentrates, higherthan recommended in-use metal removal fluid concentrations,high alkalinity
44、and solvents. Examples of physical abrasioninclude exposure to physical irritants such as metal shavings,turnings, or fines contained in the fluid from a malfunctioningfilter; fines in dirty shop rags; and hand washing with abrasivesoaps.6.5 Allergic contact dermatitis can be caused by exposure ofse
45、nsitive individuals to certain metal contaminants (for ex-ample, chromium, cobalt, or nickel) dissolved or suspended inthe metal removal fluid, or to certain ingredients, includingsome antimicrobials or odorants. Some workers are sensitizedto contaminants.6.6 Microorganisms can grow in all metal rem
46、oval fluids,often producing an unpleasant odor. Unless open cuts, woundsor severe dermatitis are already present, microorganisms whichcommonly grow in water miscible metal removal fluids are notfrank pathogens and are not normally associated with onset ofdermatitis.6.7 The greater the concentration
47、or duration of exposure toan irritant, the greater the possibility for skin irritation todevelop or for skin sensitization to develop in sensitiveindividuals.6.8 Consider activities outside work, such as gardening,painting, or car repair, which can contribute to dermatitis, wheninvestigating potenti
48、al dermatitis causes.6.9 Any material or activity that abrades the skin or removesnatural oils from skin can cause dermatitis or predispose skinto its onset. Environmental factors such as dry air, extreme coldand changing humidity, or idiopathic factors, such as normalaging, can also predispose the
49、skin to dermatitis.6.10 Folliculitis (oil acne) can be caused by use of straightoils without proper skin protection.6.11 Finding the cause of a workers case of dermatitis canbe a long laborious process. Detecting an occupational dermalcausative agent requires cooperation from the patient, the metalremoval fluid manufacturer, workplace management, and spe-cialized medical expertise.6.12 Poor personal hygiene both on and off the job caninfluence development of dermatitis.6.13 Dermatitis causation varies with worker populationdemographics. The frequency of exposur
