1、Designation: E2693 14 An American National StandardStandard Practice forPrevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal FluidEnvironment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the cas
2、e of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for reducing derma-titis caused by exposure to the wet
3、metal removal environment.The scope of this practice does not include exposure tochemicals that enter the body through intact skin (cutaneousroute), which has the potential to cause other toxic effects.1.2 This practice incorporates means and mechanisms toreduce dermal exposure to the wet metal remo
4、val environmentand to control factors in the wet metal removal environmentthat have the potential to cause dermatitis.1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure to the skinvia contact and exposure to metal removal fluid (MRF).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standar
5、d. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stand
6、ard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and RelatedMateri
7、alsE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational
8、Health andSafetyE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Hea
9、lth and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2250 Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tion in Water Miscible Metal Working Fluids (Withdrawn2008)3E2525 Test Method for Evaluation of the Effect of Nanopar-ticulate Materia
10、ls on the Formation of MouseGranulocyte-Macrophage ColoniesE2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in theMetal Removal Fluid Environment2.2 OSHA Standards:429 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment: GeneralRequirements29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory P
11、rotection29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication29 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatoryCompliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-sonal Protective Equipment Selection2.3 Other Documents:ANSI B11 TR 21997 Mist Control Consid
12、erations for theDesign, Installation and Use of Machine Tools Using1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 onHealth and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved
13、 Sept. 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2693 09. DOI:10.1520/E2693-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
14、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 204
15、01, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Metalworking Fluids53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, referto Terminology Standards D1356 and E1542.3.2 Definitions of T
16、erms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalremoval fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such asabrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines andshavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,micro biological decay
17、products, and waste. E14973.2.2 control, vto prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazardsrelated to use of metal removal fluids in metal removalprocesses and to provide appropriate supplemental or interimprotection, or both, as necessary, to employees. E14973.2.3 dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of th
18、e skin.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDermatitis can result from a wide va-riety of sources and processes. The most common origins areirritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitisinclude: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruriti
19、s (itch-ing); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severecases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) candevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure tothe causative agent ceases. More severe cases can require moretime and some medical attention. Some individuals
20、can be athigher risk. E25253.2.4 dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply andexhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, thedilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for thepurpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-sion conditions, odors, and nui
21、sance type contaminants, fromIndustrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.63.2.5 emergency, nany occurrence, such as but not limitedto equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontrolled release of a signifi-cant amount of metal remova
22、l fluid. E14973.2.6 employee exposure, ncontact with the metal removalfluid, components and contaminants by inhalation, skincontact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion.3.2.7 extractable mass, nthe material removed by liquidextraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solventmixture as
23、described in Test Method PS 42.3.2.8 folliculitis, nan inflammatory response to excess oilin hair follicles. E14973.2.9 metal removal fluid (MRF), nany fluid in the sub-class of metalworking fluids used to cut or otherwise take awaymaterial or piece of stock. E21483.2.9.1 DiscussionMetal removal flu
24、ids include straight orneat oils (Classification D2881), not intended for furtherdilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be dilutedwith water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-nated during use in the workplace with a va
25、riety of workplacesubstances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolvedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges in the lubricity and cooling abilit
26、y of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare of employees in contact with thecontaminated metal removal fluid. E21483.2.10 metal removal fluid aerosol, nAerosol generated byoperation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulationand filt
27、ration systems associated with wet metal removaloperations and can include airborne contaminants of a micro-bial origin. E19723.2.10.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluid aerosol does notinclude background aerosol in the workplace atmosphere,which can include suspended insoluble particulate. E25253.2.11 m
28、etal removal process, na manufacturing processthat removes metal during shaping of a part, including machin-ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, andtapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,and other similar mechanical operations in which metal isremoved
29、 to produce a finished part.3.2.12 total particulate matter, nthe mass of materialsampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filtercassette when operated at 2.0 L/min, as described in TestMethod PS 42.3.2.12.1 DiscussionAs defined in Test Method PS 42,total particulate matter is not a measur
30、e of the inhalable orthoracic particulate mass.3.2.13 tramp oil, noil and oil-soluble additives, some-times insoluble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, orsacrificial spindle oil or slide way lubricant, that contaminatethe metal removal fluid. E14973.2.13.1 DiscussionTramp oils can conta
31、minate the metalremoval fluid with components that are emulsifiable but whichwere not part of the metal removal fluid as formulated. E25253.2.14 wet metal removal fluid environment, nthe work-place environment in which wet metalworking operationsoccur. E14974. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure
32、and Effectsof Overexposure4.1 Routes of exposure to metal removal fluids includeinhalation, ingestion, eye contact, and dermal contact. Thispractice focuses on exposure through dermal contact with thefluid, contact with residual fluid on machinery, parts, orclothing, and in some cases contact with f
33、luid mists, splashes,or aerosols. Refer to Practice E2889 for information about thehealth risks related to inhalation exposure and guidance on howto reduce these risks.4.2 Prolonged or repeated dermal contact can cause dry andcracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasionscan intens
34、ify the effects. Some metal removal fluids and5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.6Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,Inc. (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH
35、45240, http:/www.acgih.org.E2693 142additives can sensitize the skin of affected employees, whichcan result in a response to very low levels of exposure. Thispractice defines dermatitis as an inflammatory response to theskin. Dermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources andprocesses. The mos
36、t common origins are irritant or allergicresponses to a chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptomsthat typify the initial onset of dermatitis include: erythema(redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and, vesicula-tion (pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases, fissures(deep cracks)
37、and ulcers (open sores) can develop. Thecondition is usually reversible when exposure to the causativeagent ceases. More severe cases can require more time andsome medical attention.4.3 Aerosols, mist, and vapors can contact and expose theskin as well as contaminate clothing.5. Significance and Use5
38、.1 Use of this practice is intended to reduce occupationaldermatitis caused by exposure to the wet metal removalenvironment.5.2 Complaints of dermatitis conditions are often associatedwith exposures to metal removal fluid.5.3 Implementation of this practice and incorporation ofmetal removal fluid ma
39、nagement program has the potential toreduce complaints of occupational dermatitis. Elements of aneffective program include: understanding dermatitis and asso-ciated causes; prevention of dermatitis and exposure to metalremoval fluids; appropriate product selection; good manage-ment of additives, mic
40、roorganisms, and fluids; appropriateadditive (including antimicrobial pesticides) selection andadditive control; appropriate tool design and assessment andcontrol of metal removal fluid exposures including aerosols.6. Dermatitis and Associated Causes6.1 DiscussionDermatitis can result from a wide va
41、rietyof sources and processes. The most common origins are irritantor allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent. Signs andsymptoms that typify the initial onset of dermatitis include:erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and,vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more
42、severe cases,fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) can develop. Thecondition is usually reversible when exposure to the causativeagent ceases. More severe cases can require more time andsome medical attention.6.2 Some examples of occupational dermatitis include:6.2.1 Irritant contact dermat
43、itis (from irritant chemicals orphysical irritants)6.2.2 Allergic contact dermatitis,6.2.3 Folliculitis (oil acne),6.2.4 Dyshydrotic eczema,6.2.5 Keratoses,6.2.6 Eczema,6.2.7 Skin warts,6.2.8 Pigment disorders,6.2.9 Granuloma,6.2.10 Erythematous papules,6.2.11 Papulovesicles,6.2.12 Chronic lichenifi
44、ed,6.2.13 Fisssured palmar eczema,6.2.14 Discoid eczema,6.2.15 Psoriasis,6.2.16 Skin infections,6.2.17 Skin burns,6.2.18 Skin microtrauma and mechanical injury,6.2.19 Itchy nummular dermatitis.6.3 Dermatitis resulting from exposure to metal removalfluids is usually either irritant contact dermatitis
45、 or allergiccontact dermatitis.6.4 Irritant contact dermatitis can be caused by twomechanisms, chemical and physical abrasion. Examples of achemical mechanism include metal removal fluid concentrates,higher than recommended in-use metal removal fluidconcentrations, high alkalinity and solvents. Exam
46、ples ofphysical abrasion include exposure to physical irritants such asmetal shavings, turnings, or fines contained in the fluid from amalfunctioning filter; fines in dirty shop rags; and handwashing with abrasive soaps.6.5 Allergic contact dermatitis can be caused by exposure ofsensitive individual
47、s to certain metal contaminants (forexample, chromium, cobalt, or nickel) dissolved or suspendedin the metal removal fluid, or to certain ingredients, includingsome antimicrobials or odorants. Some workers are sensitizedto contaminants.6.6 Microorganisms can grow in all metal removal fluids,often pr
48、oducing an unpleasant odor. Unless open cuts, woundsor severe dermatitis are already present, microorganisms whichcommonly grow in water miscible metal removal fluids are notfrank pathogens and are not normally associated with onset ofdermatitis.6.7 The greater the concentration or duration of expos
49、ure toan irritant, the greater the possibility for skin irritation todevelop or for skin sensitization to develop in sensitiveindividuals.6.8 Consider activities outside work, such as gardening,painting, or car repair, which can contribute to dermatitis, wheninvestigating potential dermatitis causes.6.9 Any material or activity that abrades the skin or removesnatural oils from skin can cause dermatitis or predispose skinto its onset. Environmental factors such as dry air, extreme coldand changing humidity, or idiopathic factors, such as normalaging, can also
