1、Designation: E2698 181Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTE10.15.3.2 was revised editorially in September 2018 to remove a duplicate paragraph.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requi
3、rements forradiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic materialsusing digital detector arrays (DDAs).1.2 The stated requirements of this specification are basedon the use of an X-ray generating source.Additionally, some ofthe tests and requirements may not be applicable to X-rayenergy level
4、s 450kV.1.3 The requirements in this practice are intended to controlthe quality of radiographic examinations obtained using DDAsand are not intended to establish acceptance criteria for parts ormaterials.1.4 This practice covers the radiographic examination withDDAs including DDAs described in Prac
5、tice E2597/E2597Msuch as a device that contains a photoconductor attached to aThin Film Transistor (TFT) read out structure, a device that hasa phosphor coupled directly to an amorphous silicon read-outstructure, and devices where a phosphor is coupled to a CMOS(complementary metaloxidesemiconductor
6、) array, or a CCD(charge coupled device) crystalline silicon read-out structure.1.5 The requirements of this practice and Practice E2737shall be used together. The requirements of Practice E2737 willprovide the baseline evaluation and long term stability testprocedures for the DDA system. The user o
7、f the DDA systemshall establish a written procedure that addresses the specificrequirements and tests to be used in their application and shallbe approved by the Cognizant Radiographic Level 3 beforeexamination of production hardware. This practice also re-quires the user to perform a system qualifi
8、cation suitable for itsintended purpose and to issue a system qualification report (see9.1).1.6 The DDA shall be selected for an NDT applicationbased on knowledge of the technology described in GuideE2736, and of the selected DDA properties provided by themanufacturer in accordance with Practice E25
9、97/E2597M.1.7 Techniques and applications employed with DDAs arediverse. This practice is not intended to be limiting or restric-tive. Refer to Guides E94/E94M, E1000, and E2736, Termi-nology E1316, Practices E747 and E1025, and Federal Stan-dards 21-CFR-1020.40 and 29-CFR-1910.96 for a list ofdocum
10、ents that provide additional information and guidance.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issue
11、d by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-dustrial Radiographic FilmE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture
12、 and Material Group-ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used for RadiographyE1165 Test Method for Measurement of F
13、ocal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1742/E1742M Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Ex-amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators(RQIs)E2002 Practice for Determining
14、Total Image Unsharpness1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2010. Last prev
15、ious edition approved in 2010 as E2698 10. DOI:10.1520/E2698-18E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we
16、bsite.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
17、 International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios-copyE2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication inNondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)E2597/E2597M P
18、ractice for Manufacturing Characterizationof Digital Detector ArraysE2699 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication inNondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital Ra-diographic (DR) Test MethodsE2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array RadiographyE2737 Practice for Digital Detector Array Perfor
19、manceEvaluation and Long-Term StabilityE2903 Test Method for Measurement of the Effective FocalSpot Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes2.2 AWS Documents:3AWSA2.4 Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Testing2.3 Government Standards:NIST Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installa-tions U
20、sing Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma RaySources, Energies up to 10 MeV421-CFR-1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet X-raySystems29-CFR-1910.96 Ionizing RadiationNCRP 144 Radiation Protection for Particle AcceleratorFacilities2.4 Other Documents:5DICOM PS 3.14 Digital Imaging and Communications i
21、nMedicine (Dicom) Part 14: Grayscale Standard DisplayFunctionANSI/NCSL Z540-3 Requirements for the Calibration ofMeasuring and Test EquipmentANSI/ASNT CP 189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelEN 4179 Aerospace Series - Qualification and Approval ofPerso
22、nnel for Non-destructive TestingNAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification andQualification of Nondestructive Testing PersonnelSNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice - Personnel Qualifica-tion and Certification in Nondestructive TestingISO 9712 Non-destructive Testing - Qualification and Cer-tificati
23、on of NDT personnelISO/CIE 19476 Characterization of the Performance of Illu-minance Meters and Luminance MetersSMPTE RP 133 Specifications for Medical Diagnostic Im-aging Test Pattern for Television Monitors and Hard-copyRecording Cameras3. Terminology3.1 Definitions relating to the radiographic ex
24、amination,which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply to the termsused in this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bad pixela pixel identified with a performanceoutside of the specification range for a pixel of a DDA asdefined in Practice E2597/E2597M.3.2.2 basic spa
25、tial resolution detector (iSRbdetector)thesmallest geometrical detail, which can be resolved by a digitaldetector without geometric magnification as defined in PracticeE2597/E2597M.3.2.3 cluster kernel pixel (CKP)a bad pixel, as defined inPractice E2597/E2597M, that does not have five or more goodpi
26、xels as neighbors and is therefore not correctable.3.2.4 Cognizant Radiographic Level 3the certified Level3 Radiographer holding final technical responsibility for theradiographic facility and staff.3.2.5 compensation principlethe practice of permitting anexamination scenario where the total image u
27、nsharpness failsto meet the required value, but the image quality exceeds therequired value by at least one quality level. See Guide E2736for additional information regarding this term.3.2.6 componentthe part(s) or element of a system as-sembled or processed to the extent specified by the drawing,pu
28、rchase order, or contract.3.2.7 contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR)quotient of the dif-ference in the mean values of the intensity (signal) in an areain the object subtracted from the mean value of the intensity ofthe background, and standard deviation of the intensity (noise).The CNR depends on the radia
29、tion dose and quality, thickness/attenuation of the object and the DDA system properties.3.2.8 digital driving level (DDL)for computer graphicsdisplay boards, the digital value that corresponds to a particularmonochrome grayscale level.Aparticular DDL “drives out”a particular visible shade of gray.
30、For example, in an 8-bitdisplay, a DDL assumes 256 values from 0 to 255.3.2.9 effective pixel sizeEffective pixel size is equal toiSRbdetector.3.2.10 energya property of radiation that determines thepenetrating ability. In x-ray radiography, energy machine ratingis determined by kilo electron volts
31、(keV), million electronvolts (MeV). In gamma ray radiography, energy is a charac-teristic of the source used.3.2.11 ghostingresidual signal or image from a priorexposure in a current image. Signal or image can be negativeor positive and may affect interpretation of the image.3.2.12 grayscale2Nsignal
32、 levels for N-bit system.3.2.13 like sectiona separate section of material that issimilar in shape and cross section to the component or partbeing radiographically examined, and is made of the same orradiographically similar material.3.2.14 material groupmaterials that have the same pre-dominant all
33、oying elements and which can be examined usingthe same IQI. A listing of common material groups is given inPractice E1025.3.2.15 mean gray levelthe average of all the pixel graylevels in a given region of interest.3Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,Miami, FL 33126, ht
34、tp:/www.aws.org.4Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.5Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.ai
35、a-aerospace.org.E2698 18123.2.16 NDT facilitythe facility or entity performing theradiographic examination.3.2.17 pixel valueone of 2Nsignal levels for an N-bitdigital system3.2.18 relevant clustera grouping of bad pixels with atleast one cluster kernel pixel (CKP) in the grouping.3.2.19 window widt
36、h and levelcontrast (window width)and brightness (window level) adjustment of a digital image bychanging how the Gray levels translate into displayed bright-ness levels.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for theapplication and control of the digital detector ar
37、ray radio-graphic method. This practice is written so it can be specifiedon the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It willrequire a detailed procedure delineating the technique orprocedure requirements and shall be approved by the Cogni-zant Engineering Organization (CEO).5. Basis of A
38、pplication5.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.5.1.1 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing ex-aminations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance withNAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, orSNT-TC-1
39、A and certified by the employer or certifying agencyas applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may beused when specified on the contract or purchase order. Theapplicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specifiedin the contractual agreement between parties.5.1.2 If specifie
40、d in the contractual agreement, NDT agen-cies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specifi-cation E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shallbe specified in the contract.6. Environment and Safety6.1 The premises and equipment shall present no hazards tothe safety of personne
41、l or property. NCRP 144, and/or NISTHandbook 114 may be used as guides to ensure that radio-graphic procedures are performed so that personnel shall notreceive a radiation dosage exceeding the maximum permittedby the city, state, or national codes.6.2 Environmental conditions conducive to human comf
42、ortand concentration will promote examination efficiency andreliability. A proper examination environment will take intoaccount temperature, humidity, dust, lighting, access, andnoise.6.3 Dust and dirt need to be kept to a minimum and theimage display face needs to be cleaned often to preventinterfe
43、rence with interpretation.7. Equipment7.1 Different examination system configurations are pos-sible. It is important that the user understands the advantagesand limitations of each (see Practice E2597/E2597M andGuide E2736). The provider and the user of the examinationsystem should be fully aware of
44、 the capabilities and limitationsof each system proposed.7.2 The DDA cannot be operated without computing hard-ware and software for image acquisition, image display andimage storage/retrieval.7.2.1 The software shall be capable of acquiring imagesframe by frame from the DDAand integrating, or avera
45、ging theframes, or both.7.2.2 The software shall perform an image calibration tocorrect the inhomogenities of the detector and to determine andcorrect bad pixels (that is, bad pixel map). Bad pixels aredefined in Practice E2597/E2597M.7.2.3 The software to display resulting imagery from a DDAshall h
46、ave the following capabilities at a minimum:7.2.3.1 Line ProfileA line profile function capable ofdisplaying the pixel values (PVs) along a user defined line asa graph. The line profile tool should also be capable ofadjusting the line width where the values of the line profile areaveraged from multi
47、ple parallel lines of equivalent length.7.2.3.2 Region of Interest ToolA histogram type toolcapable of displaying the PVs of a user defined Region ofInterest (ROI) as a graph. The ROI tool shall also display thesize of the ROI (in other words, x pixels by y pixels), and as aminimum, the statistical
48、mean and standard deviation of theROI PVs.7.2.3.3 Negative/Positive Image DisplayDisplay imagesin either negative or positive gray scale (negative or inverse).7.2.3.4 Linearized Pixel ValuesThe software shall be ca-pable of performing calculations using linearized pixel valuesas a function of dose.7
49、.2.3.5 Digital Image Magnification (Zoom)Adjust anddisplay the digital magnification level, as well as display theimage at 1:1 pixel mapping (in other words, each pixel of theimage is mapped to an image display monitor pixel).7.2.3.6 Image PanCapability to pan the image.7.2.3.7 Window Width and Window Level (Window/Level)Adjust window width (contrast) and window level.7.2.3.8 Size Measurement ToolPerform measurements fordistance or sizing of discontinuities. The software shall becapable of calibrating the measuring tool to a referencestandard.7.2
