1、Designation: E2700 09E2700 14Standard Practice forContact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2700; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for inspecting welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1)
3、.1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternativewelding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beamwelding) can be inspected using this practice p
4、rovided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved. Practicesfor specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm(0.375 to 8 in.). Greater and lesser thicknesses may be tested using this standard practice if
5、the technique can be demonstrated toprovide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometrygeometry.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
6、 regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this pract
7、ice providedreference standards can be developed that demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.NOTE 2For additional pertinent information, see Practices E2491, E317, and E587.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E164 Practice for Co
8、ntact Ultrasonic Testing of WeldmentsE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Ultrasonic Pulse-EchoTesting Instruments and Systems without theUse of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive TestingE587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angl
9、e-Beam Contact TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by UltrasonicsE2491 Guide for Evaluating Performance Characteristics of Phased-Array Ultrasonic Testing Instruments and Systems2.2 ASME Standard:3ASME B and PV Code Section V, Article 42.
10、3 ISO Standard:Standards:4ISO 2400 Reference Block for the Calibration of Equipment for Ultrasonic ExaminationISO 9712 Nondestructive TestingQualification and Certification of NDT Personnel2.4 ASNT Documents:5SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestruct
11、ive TestingANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel2.5 AIA Standard:6NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibil
12、ity of Subcommittee E07.06 on Ultrasonic Method.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2014. Published August 2009October 2014. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved as E270009. DOI:10.1520/E2700-09.10.1520/E2700-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, w
13、ww.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., N
14、ew York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5 Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518
15、, http:/www.asnt.org.6 Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what
16、 changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the
17、official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this practice, see Terminology E1316.4. S
18、ummary of Practice4.1 Phased arrays are used for weld inspections for numerous applications. Industry specific requirements have been developedto control the use of this technology for those applications. A general standard practice document is required to define therequirements for wider use of the
19、 technology. Several manufacturers have developed portable, user-friendly instruments. Codesand code cases have been developed, or are being developed, to cover phased array weld inspection requirements by organizationssuch as ASME. Practice E2491 covers setting up of phased arrays for weld inspecti
20、ons. Training programs for phased arrays havebeen set up worldwide. This practice provides procedural guidance for both manual and mechanized scanning of welds usingphased array systems.5. Significance and Use5.1 Industrial phased arrays differ from conventional monocrystal ultrasonic transducers si
21、nce they permit the electronic controlof ultrasound beams. The arrays consist of a series of individual transducer elements, each separately wired, time-delayed andelectrically isolated; the arrays are typically pulsed in groups to permit “phasing,” or constructive-destructive interference.5.2 Thoug
22、h primarily a method of generating and receiving ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning andimaging. While some scan patterns emulate manual technology, other scans (for example, S-scans) are unique to phased arrays.With their distinct features and capabilities, phased arrays require
23、 special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this practice.Commercial software permits the operator to easily make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing requirements.5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or encoded linear scanning; and different displays or com
24、binations ofdisplays. In manual scanning, the dominant display will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the advantage overE-scans that all the specified inspection angles can be covered at the same time.5.4 The main advantages of using phased arrays for ultrasonic weld examinations ar
25、e:5.4.1 Faster scanning due to multiple angles on display at the same time,5.4.2 Better imaging from the true depth S-scan,5.4.3 Data storage, for example, selected reflectors, for auditing, and archiving.5.4.4 Rapid and reproducible set-ups with electronic instruments.5.5 All personnel responsible
26、for carrying out examinations, analysis and reporting results using this standard should beappropriately trained and qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualificationpractice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar docu
27、ment and certified by the employer orcertifying agency, as applicable. Additionally, there should also be training or knowledge and experience related to phased arrayequipment and techniques. Personnel performing examinations to this standard should list the qualifying credentials in theexamination
28、report.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.6.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractual agreement, personnel performing examinations to this standard shallbe qualified in accordance w
29、ith a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard suchas ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, ISO 9712, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision sha
30、ll be identified in the contractual agreementbetween the using parties.6.2.1 In addition, there should also be training or knowledge and experience related to phased array equipment and techniques.Personnel performing examinations to this standard should list the qualifying credentials in the examin
31、ation report.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified andevaluated as described in Practice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall be specified in the contractual agreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe pro
32、cedures and techniques to be used shall be as specified in the contractual agreement.Practice E2491 recommends methods of assessing performance characteristics of phased array probes and systems.6.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surface preparation criteria shall be in accordance with 9.1 u
33、nless otherwisespecified.6.6 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examination shall be determined by the contracting parties and in accordance withthe stage of manufacture or in-service conditions.6.7 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shall be suitable to examine the volume of the weld pl
34、us the heat affectedzone unless otherwise specified.E2700 1426.8 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting criteria for the examination results shall be in accordance with 13.1,unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they shall be specified in
35、the contractualagreement.6.9 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired/reworked items is not addressed in this standardand if required shall be specified in the contractual agreement.7. Equipment7.1 Phased Array Instruments:7.1.1 The ultrasonic phased array instrument shall b
36、e a pulse echo type and shall be equipped with a standardized dB gain orattenuation control stepped in increments of 1 dB minimum, containing multiple independent pulser/receiver channels. The systemshall be capable of generating and displaying both B-scan and S-scan images, which can be stored and
37、recalled for subsequentreview.7.1.2 The phased array system shall have on-board focal law generation software that permits direct modification to ultrasonicbeam characteristics. Specific delay calculations may be performed by the system itself or imported from external calculations.7.1.3 The phased
38、array system shall have a means of data storage for archiving scan data.An external storage device, flash cardor USB memory stick can be used for data storage. A remote portable PC connected to the instrument may also be used for thispurpose. If instruments do not inherently store A-scan data, such
39、as some manual instruments, the final image only may berecorded.7.1.4 The phased array system shall be standardized for amplitude and height linearity in accordance with Practice E2491annually, as a minimum.7.1.5 The instrument shall be capable of pulsing and receiving at nominal frequencies of 1 MH
40、z to 10 MHz. For specialapplications, frequencies up to 20 MHz can be used, but may require special instrumentation with appropriate digitization, andspecial approval.7.1.6 The instrument shall be capable of digitization ofA-scans at a minimum of five times the nominal frequency of the probeused. Am
41、plitude shall be digitized at a resolution of at least 8-bit (that is, 256 levels).7.1.7 The instrument shall be capable of equalizing the amplitude response from a target at a fixed soundpath for each angleused in the technique (angle corrected gain (ACG) thereby providing compensation for wedge at
42、tenuation variation andecho-transmittance).7.1.8 The instrument shall also be equipped with facilities to equalize amplitudes of signals across the time-base (time-correctedgain).7.2 Phased Array Probes:7.2.1 The application requirements will dictate the design of the phased array probe used. Phased
43、 array probes may be used witha removable or integral wedge, delay-line, or in an immersion or localized bubbler system mode. In some cases a phased arrayprobe may be used without a refracting wedge or delay-line (that is, just a hard wear-face surface).7.2.2 Phased array probes used for weld examin
44、ation may be of 1D, 1.5D or 2D design. Only 1D arrays or dual arraysconfigured with side-by-side transmitter-receiver arrays (as in Transmit-Receive Longitudinal wave probes) shall be used withmanual scanning techniques. For 2D arrays, which use electronic oscillation, calibration should be performe
45、d at all skewed angles.7.2.3 The number of elements in the phased array probe and the element dimensions and pitch shall be selected based on theapplication requirements and the manufacturers recommended limitations.7.2.4 The probe selected shall not have more elements than the number of elements ad
46、dressable by the pulser-receivers availablein the phased array instrument being used.7.2.5 When refracting wedges are used to assist beam steering, the natural incident angle of the wedge shall be selected suchthat the angular sweep range of the examination technique used does not exceed the manufac
47、turers recommended limits for theprobe and mode (compression or transverse) used.7.2.6 Refracting wedges used on curved surfaces shall require contouring to match the surface curvature if the curvature causesa gap between the wedge and examination surface exceeding 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) at any point.8.
48、 Standardization8.1 Range:8.1.1 The instrument display shall be adjusted using the A-scans for each focal law used to provide an accurate indication ofsound travel in the test material. Range standardization shall include correction for wedge travel time so that the zero-depthposition in the test pi
49、ece is accurately indicated for each focal law.8.1.2 Time base linearity and accuracy shall be verified in accordance with the guidelines in Practice E2491, or Practice E317,or both.8.1.3 Volume-corrected B-scan or S-scan displays shall indicate the true depth to known targets to within 5 % of the physicaldepth or 3 mm, whichever is less.8.1.4 Range standardization shall be established using the radius surfaces in reference blocks such as the IIW Block and theseblocks shall be made of the same material or acoustically similar material as the test piece.E2700 143
