1、Designation: E 2707 09An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining Fire Penetration of Exterior Wall AssembliesUsing a Direct Flame Impingement Exposure1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2707; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard prescribes a method toa
3、ssess the fire performance of a vertically oriented specimenexposed to direct flame impingement in a simulated externalfire exposure potentially encountered in a Wildland UrbanInterface scenario. This test method provides data suitable forcomparing the performance of materials, which are used as the
4、exposed surfaces of exterior walls in construction applications.NOTE 1This test method closely follows the test procedure ofCalifornia Office of State Marshal (SFM) Method 12-7A-1.21.2 This test method measures the ability of the wall systemto resist fire penetration from the exterior into the wall
5、cavityor unexposed side of the test assembly under the conditions ofexposure.1.3 This test method provides data suitable for comparingthe performance of vertically oriented materials, products orassemblies in exterior construction applications. The test speci-men shall be tested in thicknesses and c
6、onfigurations represen-tative of actual end product or system uses.1.4 Limitations of the test method are listed in Section 5.5.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat
7、and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
8、its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, by virtue by the use of hazardous materials,o
9、perations or equipment, and adequate safeguards for person-nel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 2898 Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content
10、 Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD 4444 Test Method for Laboratory Standardization andCalibration of Hand-Held Moisture MetersD 6662 Specification for Polyolefin-Based Plastic LumberDecking BoardsD 7032 Specification for Establishing Performance Ratingsfor Wood-Plastic Composite Deck Boa
11、rds and GuardrailSystems (Guards or Handrails)E 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and Assemblies2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this stan-dard, see Termin
12、ology E 176 and ISO 13943. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E 176 shallprevail.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition approved Aug. 1,
13、 2009. Published September 2009.22007 California Building Code, Chapter 7ASFM, Materials and ConstructionMethods for Exterior Wildfire Exposure, Exterior Wall Siding and Sheathing, SFMStandard 12-7A-1.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
14、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.c
15、h.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 orientation, nthe vertical plane in which the ex-posed face of the test specimen is located during testing.3.2.2 siding (cladd
16、ing), nany material that constitutes theexposed exterior covering of an exterior wall and such materialis applied over sheathing or directly attached to the wallsystem.3.2.3 sheathing, nthe material placed on an exterior wallbeneath cladding or siding and directly attached to the wallsystem used ove
17、r the wall framework and is attached directlyto the wall framing members. Materials called sheathing thatare not placed beneath cladding or siding shall be classified ascladding or siding.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides for the direct flame exposureof a wall specimen to a flam
18、e source centered at the base of a1220 by 2440 mm (4 by 8 ft) test assembly.4.2 This test method employs a gas burner to produce adiffusion flame in contact with the test wall assembly.4.3 The gas burner produces a prescribed net rate of heatoutput of 150 kW (8535 BTU/min) for a period of 10 min, af
19、terwhich the flame exposure is terminated.4.4 The test method measures the ability of the wall systemto resist fire penetration from the exterior to the unexposed sideof the test assembly under the conditions of exposure. Obser-vations are made for the appearance of sustained flaming orglow on the u
20、nexposed side or sustained glowing on theunexposed side, or both, at the end of a 60 min observationperiod.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method described herein measures the ability ofthe exterior wall covering material or system to resist firepenetration from the exterior to the unexposed sid
21、e of the wallassembly under the specified conditions of exposure.5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of anassembly shall be included in a test specimen when thesedetails are representative of the construction of the end-useproduct(s).5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use prod
22、uct(s) nothaving an ideally planar external surface.5.4 The overall performance of the test specimen is visuallydocumented by full-color photographic records. Video tapingof the complete fire test is an acceptable alternative to thephotographic record. The use of infrared photography of theunexposed
23、 side of the test wall can be used to reveal develop-ment of increasing temperatures or persisting hot spots.5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to aspecific set of laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Ifdifferent test conditions are substituted or the anticipatedend-use conditio
24、ns are changed, it is not known whether it ispossible by use of this test to predict changes in the perfor-mance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results arestrictly valid only for the fire test exposure conditions de-scribed in this procedure.6. Safety Precautions6.1 The test procedures inv
25、olve high temperatures andcombustion processes. Therefore, the potential exists for burns,ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and for inhalation ofcombustion products.7. Apparatus7.1 Unless otherwise noted, dimensions in the followingdescriptions, shall be followed with a tolerance of 613 mm
26、(0.5 in.).7.2 Wall Assembly Holding FixtureThe test specimensupport assembly shown in Fig. 1 is designed to permit rapidinstallation and removal of wall assemblies, and to preventedge penetration of fire at the margins of the wall assembly. Itincludes a sturdy frame assembly to hold the specimen and
27、 asimulated soffit that is non-combustible. The frame assemblypermits a 1220 by 2440 mm (4 by 8 ft) prefabricated wallsection to be inserted from the rear and to seal in such a waythat protects the edges from fire. Side shields are situated nearthe vertical edges and to within 304 mm (12 in.) of the
28、 top ofthe test wall assembly as shown in Fig. 1 to aid in minimizingextraneous drafts to the surface of the assembly.7.3 Burner DetailsThe ignition source for the test shall bea gas diffusion burner with a nominal 100 mm wide by 1000mm long (4 in. wide by 39 in. long) porous top surface of arefract
29、ory material, as shown in Fig. 2. With the exception oftop surface dimensions, the essential configuration of theburner is comparable to the burner design described in TestMethod E 2257.7.4 The burner enclosure shall be positioned so that it iscentered relative to the width of the test wall. The dis
30、tancefrom the bottom of the test specimen to the top surface of theburner shall be 300 6 50 mm (12 6 2 in.). The bottom of thetest specimen shall be protected from burner fire exposure bythe placement of a 1220 mm (4 ft) wide thermal barrierconsisting of nominal 19 mm (0.75 in.) cement board (orequi
31、valent) between the burner enclosure and the test speci-men. The burner enclosure shall be in contact with theprotective barrier. The thermal barrier shall be positioned sothat the top edge extends 76 6 25 mm (3 6 1 in.) above the topedge of the burner, and fastened to the base of the wall in sucha
32、manner to prevent obstruction of the burner flame caused bydistortion away from the surface of the wall.Any gaps betweenthe top edge of the thermal barrier and the test wall surfaceshall be filled with ceramic wool, or equivalent, prior to thetest.7.5 Natural gas, methane or propane shall be supplie
33、d to theburner through a metered control system. The gas supply to theburner shall produce a net heat output of 150 6 8 kW (8535 6454 Btu/min) throughout the flame exposure.7.6 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or aremotely controlled spark igniter.8. Test Specimen8.1 Test specimens dime
34、nsions shall be 1220 mm (4 ft)wide by 2440 mm (8 ft) high. The test specimen shall berepresentative of the end-use wall assembly except as specifiedin 8.3 and 8.4. The test specimen shall be mounted in the steelframe holding fixture assembly as shown in Fig. 1.E27070928.2 The test specimen shall inc
35、orporate joint detail(s) rep-resentative of actual installation.8.3 For wall assemblies without internal cavity spaces, theentire wall assembly shall constitute the test specimen to beFIG. 1 Test FixtureFIG. 2 Gas Burner Ignition SourceE2707093tested. The wall assembly shall be constructed in accord
36、ancewith manufacturers specifications or building code require-ments, or both, where applicable. Other components of the wallassembly, such as building felt and sheathing, are employed toconform to the manufacturers specifications or building codes,or both.8.4 For wall assemblies with internal cavit
37、y spaces, thematerials on what would be considered the interior (unex-posed) side of the wall assembly shall be omitted from the testspecimen. Materials such as insulation normally installedwithin the cavity space shall be omitted from the test specimen.The wall assembly used as the test specimen sh
38、all include thestructural support elements and any sheathing, weather barrierand cladding attached to the exterior surface of the structuralsupport elements.8.5 For wall assemblies composed of layered materials,such as sheathing, siding (cladding) and underlayment, theinstallation of such layered ma
39、terials shall be in accordancewith manufacturers instructions, or in the absence of suchinstructions, applicable building code requirements. In theabsence of manufacturers specifications, the wall assemblyshall include the following minimum components: nominal 2by 4 studs spaced 410 mm (16 in.) on c
40、enter, and the desiredexterior siding material. If sheathing is used, tests shall be runon typical 7/16 in. oriented strandboard (OSB) of Exposure 1rating.Where specified by the manufacturer, sheathing materialand installation shall be in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions. The sheathing
41、shall have one vertical seam on aselected stud witha3mm(0.125 in.) gap. The type, thickness,and installation method of any sheathing shall be included inthe report.8.6 Protect the vertical and horizontal edges of the testspecimen with 12-mm ceramic wool blanket (or equivalent) toeliminate the gap be
42、tween the holder and the test specimen andprevent unwanted edge effects caused by heat transfer to theedges of the test specimen through the sample holder.8.7 ReplicatesThree matched test specimen assembliesshall be tested.8.8 Accelerated Aging/Weathering and Pre-test Condition-ing of Test Material:
43、8.8.1 When it is anticipated that a regulatory or other agencywill require pre-test accelerated aging/weathering of thesamples, the manufacturer shall have the option to conductsuch weathering.Weathering shall be conducted as specified bythe regulatory agency or applicable methods as specified forth
44、e product. The process shall evaluate the potential for the firetest response characteristics as measured in this test method todeteriorate due to accelerated aging/weathering of the wallmaterial. Details of the weathering method used, or referenceto a standard test method, shall be included in the
45、report (seeAppendix X2).8.8.2 Pieces of any hygroscopic materials from the samestock from which the test assembly was constructed shall betacked to the assembly during construction in such a mannerthat they are easily removed. These pieces shall be conditionedwith the completed assemblies.8.8.3 The
46、completed test assemblies are to be stored indoorsat temperatures not lower than 16C (60F) nor higher than32C (90F) for the period of time necessary to cure theassembly components. Test assemblies are to be stored so thateach will be surrounded by freely circulating air.8.8.4 Just before the test as
47、sembly is tested, the pieces ofhygroscopic materials prepared in 8.8.2 shall be tested formoisture content (Note 2 and Note 3).NOTE 2Make the moisture determination on two samples from eachpiece and report the average. For lumber and other wood-based materials,use Test Methods D 4442. Use of an appr
48、opriately calibrated moisturemeter, as described in Test Methods D 4444, to determine the moisturecontent of wood or wood products is also permitted. For other hygroscopicmaterials, use test methods appropriate for those materials.NOTE 3For lumber used in the construction of the supporting wallstruc
49、ture, the moisture content shall not be more than 12 %. For woodsheathing, the moisture content shall not exceed 8 %. For other hygro-scopic materials, the moisture shall be within ranges specified by themanufacturer before the assembly is constructed. These specified rangesshall be typical for exposure at 77 6 9F (25 6 5C) and 55 6 10 %relative humidity.9. Calibration9.1 Burner Calibration:9.1.1 The gas supply to the burner shall be the same as usedfor testing. The gas shall be metered and kept constantthroughout the calibration test.9.1.2 Place the gas bu
