1、Designation: E2708 10Standard Terminology forPersonnel Credentialing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2708; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology defines terms related to the credential-ing of persons. These terms are offered to enable the develop-ment of future ASTM documents relating to
3、personnel certifi-cate and certification programs. The source document for eachdefinition is cited when an appropriate document is available.Many definitions are the product of the committee that com-piled this terminology, and as such, are the result of thecollected knowledge and experience of the
4、committee mem-bers.1.1.1 Since credentialing of persons is being carried out bymany different bodies in many career fields, usage of descrip-tive terms can vary. There is no attempt to include allcredentialing terms in this terminology. Rather, this terminol-ogy contains those terms most commonly en
5、countered in thecredentialing process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating andLining Work for Power Generation FacilitiesE1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment3E1424 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leak-age Through Exter
6、ior Windows, Curtain Walls, and DoorsUnder Specified Pressure and Temperature DifferencesAcross the SpecimenE1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE1986 Guide for Information Access Privi
7、leges to HealthInformationE2135 Terminology for Property and Asset ManagementE2159 Guide for Selection, Assignment, and Monitoring ofPersons To Be Utilized as Assessors/Auditors or TechnicalExpertsE2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation inThermal AnalysisE2659 Practice for Certificate P
8、rograms2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/ISO/IEC 17011 Conformity AssessmentGeneralRequirements for Accreditation Bodies Accrediting Con-formity Assessment Bodies, 20044ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024 Conformity AssessmentGeneralRequirements for Bodies Operating Certification of Per-sons, 20034ASAE Certification and Accr
9、editation Law Handbook, Sec-ond Edition, 20045ISO/IEC 17000 Conformity AssessmentVocabulary andGeneral Principles, 20046ICE Basic Guide to Credentialing Terminology, 200673. Terminology Definitionsaccess/access to a system or schemeopportunity for anapplicant to obtain conformity assessment under th
10、e rules ofthe system or scheme. ISO/IEC 17000accommodationa reasonable modification in an assessmentinstrument or its administration made to compensate for theeffects of a qualified disability without altering the purposeof the assessment instrument. ISO/IEC 17000 and ICEaccountabilitythe responsibi
11、lity of a governing board, com-mittee, or other sponsor of a credentialing program todemonstrate the efficacy and fairness of policies, procedures,and assessment instruments to its stakeholders. ICEactsstatutes set by a governmental body.administrationthe process by which a person or groupoversees a
12、 process governed by a specific set of rules orprocedures to ensure proper adherence to those rules orprocedures.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E36 onAccreditation judg-ing whether an individual or entity has met and continues tomeet regulatory requirements; and recogn
13、izing the indi-vidual (certificant or license holder) or body (certification orlicensure) as doing so.candidatean applicant who has fulfilled specified prerequi-sites, establishing eligibility to participate in the credential-ing process. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024certificantan individual who has earned a c
14、redentialawarded through a certification program. ICEcertificatea document (letter, card, or other medium)awarded to certificate holders that designates the successfulcompletion of a credentialing programs requisites. E2659certificate holderan individual who has been issued acertificate after succes
15、sfully completing a credentialing pro-grams requisites. E2659certificate of attendance/certificate of participationadocument issued after an individual attends or participates ina particular meeting or course. ICEDISCUSSIONTypically, there is no knowledge assessed prior toissuing this type of docume
16、nt. A certificate of attendance or participa-tion is not a credential, because the recipients are not required todemonstrate competence through assessment or meet agreed uponprofessional or trade standards.certificate programa nondegree-granting education ortraining program consisting of (1) a learn
17、ing event or seriesof events designed to educate or train individuals to achievespecified learning outcomes within a defined scope, and (2)a system designed to ensure individuals receive a certificateonly after verification of successful completion of all pro-gram requisites, including but not limit
18、ed to an evaluation oflearner attainment of intended learning outcomes. E2659certificationprocedure and action by a duly authorized bodyof determining, verifying, and attesting in writing to thequalifications of individuals, processes, procedures, or itemsin accordance with applicable requirements.
19、E1424professional certificationprocedure and action by a dulyauthorized body of determining, verifying, and attesting inwriting to the qualifications of individuals in a profession, inaccordance with applicable requirements associated withthat profession.certification agencythe organizational or adm
20、inistrative unitthat offers or operates, or both, a certification program.ICEcertification boarda group of individuals appointed orelected to govern one or more certification programs, as wellas the certification agency, and responsible for all certifica-tion decision making, including governance. I
21、CEcertification body/entitya body that conducts certificationsof conformity. E1187certification markthe symbol and use thereof which hasbeen authorized by a certification body.certification processall activities by which a certificationbody establishes that an individual fulfills specified require-m
22、ents, including application, evaluation, decision on certi-fication, surveillance, and recertification.ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024E2708 102certification programthe standards, policies, procedures,assessment instruments, and related products and activitiesthrough which individuals are publicly identified as q
23、ualifiedin a profession, occupation, role, or skill. ICEcommittee/certification committeea group of individualsappointed or elected to recommend and implement policyrelated to certification program operations. ICEcomplaintexpression of dissatisfaction below the level of anappeal by any individual or
24、 organization to a credentialingbody, relating to the activities of that body to which aresponse is puter-based testing (CBT)use of computers to deliverassessments, and sometimes the scoring and reporting ofthese assessments.conflict of interesta conflict between the private interestsand the officia
25、l or professional responsibilities of an indi-vidual in a position of influence and trust.confidentialitythe property that information is not madeavailable or disclosed to unauthorized individuals, entities,or processes. E1986conformity assessmentdemonstration that specified re-quirements relating t
26、o a product, process, system, person, orbody are fulfilled. ISO/IEC 17000third-party conformity assessmentfor purposes of thecertification of persons, a conformity assessment activitythat is performed by a person or body independent of theperson or organization being assessed. ISO/IEC 17000conformit
27、y assessment systemprocedures and managementfor carrying out conformity assessment. ISO/IEC 17000conformity surveillanceevaluation of conformity to deter-mine the continuing conformity with specified requirements.E1187consensusgeneral agreement or accord on a matter that allcan support; a majority o
28、f opinion, but not necessarilyunanimity.consensus processa formal procedure for reaching generalagreement or accord, which includes the elements of dueprocess.constructed-response questiona type of test item in whichthe candidate produces the answer (for example, an essay ora fill in the blank) rath
29、er than selecting from multiple-choiceoptions.consultancyparticipation in any of the activities of a con-formity assessment body (CAB) subject to accreditation.ANSI/ISO/IEC 17011DISCUSSIONExamples include:(1) Preparing or producing manuals or procedures for a CAB;(2) Participating in the operation o
30、r management of the system of aCAB;(3) Giving specific advice or specific training towards the develop-ment and implementation of the management system or competence ofa CAB, or both; and(4) Giving specific advice or specific training for the developmentand implementation of the operational procedur
31、es of a CAB.content domainsthe set of organized categories character-izing subject matter under which knowledge and skills maybe represented in specifications for assessment instruments.ICEcontinuing competencethe ability to provide service atspecified levels of knowledge and skill, not only at the
32、timeof initial certification/licensure but throughout an individu-als professional career. ICEcontinuing educationactivities, often short courses, thatcertified or licensed professionals engage in to receive creditfor the purpose of maintaining continuing competence andrenewing certification or lice
33、nsure. ICEcredentialingthe process by which an entity authorized andqualified to do so, grants formal recognition to, or recordsthe recognition status of individuals, organizations, institu-tions, programs, processes, services, or products that meetpredetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcreden
34、tialing (licensing) authorityan entity authorized andqualified to do so, that grants formal recognition to, orrecords the recognition status of individuals, organizations,institutions, programs, processes, services, or products thatmeet predetermined and standardized criteria. ASAEcredentialing proc
35、essa method for maintaining qualitystandards of knowledge and performance, and in some cases,for stimulating continued self-improvement. ICEcriterion-referenced standarda pass-fail standard deter-mined by characteristics of the test (for example, thedifficulty) rather than characteristics of the can
36、didates (forexample, the ability).decertify/decertificationto withdraw certification from anindividual.designationthe title or trademarked label applied to theachievement of a credential. ISO/IEC 17000discipline/disciplinary actiona formal, published processfor the enforcement of standards governing
37、 the professionalbehavior (that is, ethics, standards of practice) of certificantsor licensees. ICEdocument(1) v, to confirm (usually in writing) that a docu-ment is genuine;(2) v, to bear witness that someone actually signed a docu-ment, such as a will;(3) n, documentation as evidence such as polic
38、ies andprocedures, test reports, etc.due processa fundamental principle of fairness in all legalmatters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts.DISCUSSIONIn certification, all procedures set by the certificationbody must be followed for each individual so that no prejudicial orunequal tre
39、atment results.eligibility criteriapublished criteria or prerequisites, oftenbenchmarks for education, training and experience, withwhich applicants must demonstrate compliance in order toqualify for certification or licensure. ICEE2708 103eligibility requirementsthe documents that support andshow c
40、ompliance with eligibility criteria.endorsementthe act of pledging or committing support to aprogram, proposal, or candidate.equatinga statistical process for determining comparabilityof scores across test forms in a given credentialing program.equivalence/equivalence of conformity assessment result
41、ssufficiency of different conformity assessment results toprovide the same level of assurance of conformity withregard to the same specified requirements. ISO/IEC 17000essential elementa statement that is directly related to astandard and specifies what a credentialing program must doto fulfill the
42、requirement of the standard. ICEexamination/testa mechanism(s) that is part of the evalua-tion, which measures a candidates knowledge or skill usingone or more means, such as written, oral, practical, andobservational. E1187essayan examination that requires a relatively lengthy,written response to t
43、he presentation of the writers topic.multiple choice examination/testan assessment of knowl-edge in which candidates select the correct response fromamong several choices or alternatives.performance examination/testan examination approachwherein candidates must interact with real or simulatedsystems
44、.DISCUSSIONPerformance examinations/tests can be portfolios, ondemand tasks that may be essays or experiments in response to aprompt or a problem, long term projects, demonstrations of work,observations, etc.practical examination/testan examination that requiresparticipation in an activity.examinera
45、n individual with relevant technical and personalqualifications, competent to conduct or score, or both, anexamination. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17024expertan individual assigned by a credentialing body toprovide specific knowledge or expertise with respect to thescope to be assessed. ANSI/ISO/IEC 17011DISCUSSI
46、ONAn expert in the context of credentialing is usually asubject matter expert that assists in designing the assessments anddeveloping a defensible passing score.fairnessthe principle that all individuals will be treated in anequitable manner throughout the entire credentialing pro-cess. ICEgovernanc
47、econtrol or authority; often understood as astructure describing the authority to implement the policiesand practices of a credentialing body.grandfatheringthe process by which individuals are granteda credential without being required to meet all requirements.ICEDISCUSSIONThis process is occasional
48、ly invoked when a creden-tialing program is initiated as a way of recognizing the experience andexpertise of long-term experts or to allow grandfathered individuals todevelop the initial examination form(s), or both.indefinitenot fixed or limited in length, size, duration, orquantity as in a lifetim
49、e credential.inter-rater reliabilitythe degree of consistency with whichdifferent raters assign scores to the same observed perfor-mance or product of a candidate.item analysisa statistical report of performance of each testitem that provides information regarding difficulty and othercharacteristics.item bankthe system by which test items are maintained,stored, and classified to facilitate item review, item devel-opment, and examination assembly. ICEitems/test itemsthe questions or tasks that comp
