1、Designation: E2717 18Standard Practice forEstimating the Environmental Load of ResidentialWastewater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2717; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a set of instructions for estimat-ing the environmental load of residential water, as it isdischarged from
3、 a residence. The environmental load is calcu-lated based on the number and type of fixtures in the home, thecommon household chemicals used, and the number of peoplein the home. While the format is broadly appliedinternationally, the parameters stated herein reflect NorthAmerican averages and would
4、 need to be modified if usedelsewhere.1.1.1 Averages MethodThe Averages Method provides anestimate of the annual environmental load for the average U.S.single-family home based on 2000 U.S. Census2and 2007U.S. Census Data3and U.S. EPA 625 R-00 008 characteriza-tion of residential wastewater flows.4N
5、OTE 1Census 2000, taken April 1, 2000, counted 281 421 906people in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The questionnaireincluded seven questions for each household: name, sex, age, relationship,Hispanic origin, race, and whether the housing unit was owned or rented.In addition to these seve
6、n questions, about 17 percent of the householdsgot a much longer questionnaire including questions about ancestry,income, mortgage, and size of the housing unit.1.1.2 Unique Product Parameters MethodThe UniqueProduct Parameters Method provides an estimate of the annualenvironmental load, where the h
7、ome/product parameter valuesare the same as those used for the Averages Method except forestimated amounts of chemical contaminants listed in Table 1or average total annual use of products as listed in Table 1,orboth.1.1.3 Adjusted Averages MethodThe Adjusted AveragesMethod provides an estimate of t
8、he annual environmental load,where home/product parameter values differ from those usedfor the Averages Method, except that chemical contaminantsassociated with products do not vary. (Table 1 remains thesame for: Typical Water Contaminants, Estimated Amount ofContaminant in Product (%), and the Perc
9、ent Waste.)1.1.4 Additional/Alternative Chemicals MethodTheAdditional/Alternative Chemicals Method provides an esti-mate of the annual environmental load, of chemicals used thatare not listed in Table 1.1.1.5 The Unique Product Parameters Method, AdjustedAverages Method, and Additional Chemicals Met
10、hod may beused in combination with each other.1.2 Instructions are provided for a single-family home.Estimates may be expanded to an aggregate number ofsingle-family homes by assuming an average home size andmultiplying by the number of homes. Estimates may beadapted to multi-unit residential buildi
11、ngs by factoring thehome parameters for size, occupancy, and fixtures as necessary.1.3 For the purpose of this practice, environmental loadrefers to chemical contaminants that may be dissolved orsuspended in water.1.3.1 Estimates of environmental load do not include or-ganic matter common for urine,
12、 feces, and vomit.1.3.2 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulkfood waste such as kitchen scraps.1.3.3 Estimates of environmental load do not include bulkcellulose waste such as toilet paper.1.3.4 Estimates of environmental load do not include othersolid wastes, such as wrappers, not cov
13、ered by the wastegroups covered in 1.3.1 through 1.3.3.1.3.5 Actual environmental load may vary depending ontypes and amounts of chemicals used in a specific home and thenumber of people in the home.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measuremen
14、t are included in thisstandard.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustain-ability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.07 on Water Use andConservation.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last prev
15、ious edition approved in 2011 as E271711. DOI:10.1520/E271718.2Available from U.S. Census Bureau, 4600 Silver Hill Road, Washington, DC20233, http:/www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.3Available from U.S. Census Bureau, 4600 Silver Hill Road, Washington, DC20233, https:/www.census.gov/construction/
16、chars/pdf/c25ann2007.pdf and http:/www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2007.html.4United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Onsite WastewaterTreatment Systems Manual, February 2002, https:/nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=30004GXI.txt.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr
17、Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommen
18、dations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1TABLE 1 Chemical Contaminants Attributable to WastewaterProduct Type Typical UsesTypical WaterContaminantsAverage TotalProduct UsedPer YearAssumptionsEstimated Amountof Contaminantin Product (%)Percent WasteA
19、ntiperspirant /DeodorantControls sweat andbody odor (feet,underarms, genitalia)AluminumA66.56 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 10 sticks perperson22.22 65 95Bar Soap Used for daily hygiene Sodium Salts 48 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 1 bar amonth per residence80 100Liquid Soap(hand anddishwash
20、ing)Used for daily hygiene Sodium Salts 90 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 1 bottle amonth per residence3 100Shampoo Used for daily hygiene Propylene Glycol 174 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 1 bottle amonth per residence6 100Sodium LaruethSulfate30Mouthwash Used to enhance oralhygieneEthanol 2
21、77.92 Usage per year isbased on 23.16 oz permonth20.48 95Pharmaceuticals alleviate pain andimprove healthvaries #1.87 lb/year passed through urineBvaries 100varies 0.03 lb disposed (dumped) inwaste watervariesBleach removal of stains fromlaundrySodium hypochlorite 624 oz/year usage per applicationba
22、sed on 2 washes aweek.6.78 5 100Disinfectant removal of mold andmildew; cleanser fortoilets and dishwasherSodium hypochlorite 324 oz/year (found inspray cleaners)usage per applicationis based on overallcleaning regime onceevery two weeks.2.73 37.5 50cleaning tubs andsinksAmmonium Hydroxide 336 oz/ye
23、ar usage per applicationis based on overallcleaning regime onceevery two weeks.7.5 95 100Drain Cleaner Unclogs drains.Dissolves grease andhair.Sodium hydroxide orpotassium hydroxide64 oz/year Drain cleanser wouldnot be used in aregular cleaningregimen. Usage wouldresult from uniquesituations. Assume
24、average usage is 16oz per application.Assume 64 oz is theaverage amountneeded per year.Sodium Hydroxide:2.32 PotassiumHydroxide: 47.5100Automatic DishwasherSoapUsed for cleaningdishesPhosphates 378 oz/year Usage per year isbased on 31.5 oz permonth30 100Laundry Detergent Used to remove dirt,oil, gre
25、ase, and stainsfrom clothes. Sanitizesclothes and mayprovide a fragrance tothe fibers.Ethanol/SD Alcohol 40 208 oz/year usage per applicationbased on 2 large loadwashes a week, using2 oz per wash.0.67 5 100Sodium tetraborateanhydrous0.83 5Monoethanolamine(MEA)0.67 2.67Toilet Bowl Cleaner sanitize an
26、d removestainsHydrochloric Acid 96 oz/year usage per applicationis based on overallcleaning regime onceevery two weeks.10.19 100E2717 1821.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to e
27、stablish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Princip
28、les for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of Buildings3. Terminology3.1
29、DefinitionsFor terms related to sustainability relativeto the performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 environmental load, nchemical contaminant(s) dis-solved or suspended in water.3.2.1.1 DiscussionEnvironmental load more broadly
30、mayrefer to the amount of contaminant(s) in a given medium;however, for the purpose of this practice, the scope is isolatedto the study of water that leaves a residence from a fixture(s).3.2.2 fixture, npermanently or semi-permanently installeddevice.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe term as used in this standa
31、rd en-compasses not only plumbing fixtures such as water closets andurinals but also water-using equipment such as dishwashers.3.2.3 parametric ratio, na ratio that compares the quan-tities of like parameters, such that the numerator is the uniqueparameter, and the denominator is the average paramet
32、er.3.2.4 percent waste, nthe amount of a contaminant dis-charged through the wastewater system.3.2.5 unique parameter, na parameter that differs from theaverage parameter and depends on unique characteristics of aresidence.3.2.6 waste factor, nthe calculated environmental load fora given chemical co
33、ntaminant.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the average waste factor, multiplythe annual amount of contaminant by the percent waste.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice estimates the annual environmental load,exclusive of biological waste, food waste, paper waste, andother solid wastes on wastewater for an a
34、verage home in theU.S.4.1.1 This practice may be used to estimate the environmen-tal load of a specific residential building by utilizing specifichome parameters (such as the number of people, the totalsquare footage of the home, types/quantity of fixtures) andspecific product parameters (such as ty
35、pe and quantity), or bymodifying the percentage factors for product usage listed inTable 1, or by a combination thereof.4.2 This practice may be used to estimate the environmentalload attributable to a residential area by multiplying theenvironmental load calculated for an average single-familyhome
36、by the number of single-family homes in the residentialarea. If multi-unit residences are included in the residential5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
37、 the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 ContinuedProduct Type Typical UsesTypical WaterContaminantsAverage TotalProduct UsedPer YearAssumptionsEstimated Amountof Contaminantin Product (%)Percent WasteSwimming PoolCleaning Agentssanitize water chlorine 0.001 lb sand filter bac
38、kwash n/aC100filter water Minerals (calcium,magnesium,manganese, iron,and others)0.218 lb sand filter backwash n/a 100AIncludes various oxides of aluminum.BHuman adults urinate about 1-2 liters a day. Five percent of the volume of normal urine contains solutes. Some solutes are formed from normal bi
39、ochemical activity withinthe cells of the body. Other solutes are the results of chemicals that originated outside of the body, such as pharmaceuticals. For average dosage of four pills daily, 2 litersof urine a day could contain up to 0.002 lb of active pharmaceuticals. Then in one year, a human ma
40、y pass 0.73 lb of pharmaceuticals. The annual average amount ofpharmaceuticals passed through urine for a residence is: 1.87 lb.CThe average chemical concentration of pool water, for one pool, is calculated with consideration to the total amount of pool water that can flow into city lines during aba
41、ckwash procedure (reverse flow). The total amount of flow reversed depends on three parameters: filter size, flow rate, and duration of time for a backwash. The threemost common swimming pool filters are: sand filters, diatomaceous earth filters, and cartridge filters. A backwash procedure is often
42、implemented for pools with a sandfilter or diatomaceous earth filter.The following are average values used in calculating the average chemical concentrations for a sand filter:filter size: 2.68 square feetflow rate: 13.5 gallons / square foot / minuteduration: 3 minutesMultiplying these three parame
43、ters gives the average amount of reverse flow: 108.54 gallons.E2717 183area, additional modification will be necessary to factor size,number of fixtures, and occupancy rates.5. Significance and Use5.1 There is increasing concern regarding water quality. Thefirst national-scale U.S. examination of th
44、ese organic waste-water contaminants in streams, conducted by the Toxic Sub-stances Hydrology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey(USGS), indicated that a broad range of chemicals found inresidential, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters commonlyoccurs in mixtures at low concentrations downstre
45、am fromareas of intense urbanization and animal production. Thechemicals include pharmaceuticals, natural and synthetichormones, detergent metabolites, plasticizers, insecticides, andfire retardants. One or more of these chemicals were found in80 % of the streams sampled.65.2 This practice may be us
46、ed by building owners anddesign professionals to assess water stewardship impacts of aresidence. In particular, it is intended to inform design deci-sions and operation decisions regarding estimated wastewaterquality impacts of a building.5.3 This practice may be used by planners and watertreatment
47、professionals to assess water stewardship impacts ofa residential area. In particular, it is intended to informinfrastructure decisions regarding estimated wastewater qualityimpacts of a residential service area.5.3.1 This practice may be used to estimate the types andamounts of non-biological waste
48、s entering a wastewater sys-tem. Such knowledge is becoming increasingly important indeveloping sustainable approaches to water stewardship.5.4 Table 2, Environmental Load for Average U.S. Single-Family Home, does not list all chemicals used in homes; inorder to obtain a more accurate estimation, th
49、e chemicals usedin specific homes should be listed. In addition, it may behelpful to monitor wastewater to determine variances, if any,from the estimated environmental load.6. Home and Product ParametersNOTE 2The home parameters for population, square footage, andfixture data are based on information from the U.S. census reports.However, not all single family homes have a swimming pool. Forpurposes of this practice, it is estimated that one out of every ten houseswill have a swimming pool. Methods to calculate the environmental loadfor homes t
