1、Designation: E2726/E2726M 12Standard Test Method forEvaluating the Fire-Test-Response of Deck Structures toBurning Brands1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2726/E2726M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the fire-test-response char-acteristics of deck structures attached to or
3、 in close proximityto primary structures. The burning brand exposures test isintended to determine the surface spread of flame and degra-dation modes of decking materials when exposed to a burningbrand on the upper surface of a deck structure.1.2 The use of paints, coatings, stains, or other surface
4、treatments for fire protection purposes are beyond the scope ofthis test method. This test method excludes the use of paints,stains, or coatings for this fire-test-response determination.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values
5、 stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies
6、to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous. Adequate safeguards for
7、 personnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap
8、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2898 Practice for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-Retardant-Treated Wood for Fire TestingD6662 Specification for Polyolefin-Based Plastic LumberDecking BoardsD7032 Specification for Establishing Performanc
9、e Ratingsfor Wood-Plastic Composite Deck Boards and GuardrailSystems (Guards or Handrails)E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE108 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Roof CoveringsE176 Terminology of Fire Standards2.2 ICC Evaluation Services, Inc.:3AC 109 Acceptance C
10、riteria for Thermoplastic CompositeLumber ProductsAC 174 Acceptance Criteria for Deck Board Span Ratingsand Guardrail Systems (Guards and Handrails)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
11、ard:3.2.1 deck structure, nexterior structures comprised ofdeck boards or panels, stair treads, risers, and landings ofdecks, porches, and balconies.3.2.2 test material, nmembers that constitute the exposedsurface of the deck structures.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to esta
12、blish the test protocolfor decking materials and systems. This test method is intendedto address a fire caused by exterior sources that involves theupper surface of the deck or structure.4.2 This test is a practical assessment of fire-test-responsecharacteristics under a prescribed fire loading. Thi
13、s test methodis a variation of Test Method E108.5. Test Apparatus5.1 The essential elements of the fire test apparatus areillustrated in Fig. 1. They include a test deck, an adjustableframe on which the test deck is mounted, a wind tunnel, an air1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
14、mmittee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.14 on External FireExposures.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published January 2012. DOI:10.1520/E2726_E2726M12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
15、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Code Council Evaluation Service, 5600 WorkmanMill Road, Whittier, CA.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.velocity meter with or without the use of a timing device andan adjustable air supply. During the test:5.1.1 Provide free outlet to outside air beyond and above thetest apparatus to exhaust air introduced into the test room bythe blower, and5.1.2
17、 Close all openings into the test room other than thosementioned in 5.1.1, such as doors and windows.5.2 The temperature of the air supplied by the blower shallbe maintained between 10 and 32C 50 and 90F.5.3 Wind Tunnel (see Fig. 1)The wind tunnel shall deliver5.3 6 0.2 m/s 12 6 0.5 mph airflow at z
18、ero incline over thewidth of the test specimen. Test Method E108 Burning BrandRoof Test apparatus shall be used, with the following modifi-cations:5.3.1 Test Specimen SupportThe test specimen shall besupported horizontally with its leading edge 838.2 mm 33 in.from the front opening of the wind tunne
19、l with the joistsparallel to the airflow and resting on two transverse metalsupports. The top surfaces of these supports, which shall be nomore than 76 mm 3 in. wide, are at the same height as thefloor of the wind tunnel.5.3.2 FragmentsBurning fragments shall be free to fall tothe floor of the room.
20、5.4 AnemometerA device for measuring airflow acrossthe deck shall be provided.NOTE 1Any direct reading instrument with scale graduated in incre-ments of not more than 6 m/min 20 ft/min or any timed instrument withscale graduated (for a 1 min timed reading) in increments of not more than1.5 m/min (5
21、ft/min) will be suitable.5.5 BurnerGas-fueled burner for brand ignition. Theflame temperature of the igniting flame shall be 888 6 28C1630 6 50F measured 59 mm 2516 in. above the top of theburner, which is shielded from drafts.6. Test Specimens (see Fig. 2)6.1 The test specimen shall consist of jois
22、ts as specified in6.3 and test material as specified in 6.4.6.2 Test Specimen SizeThe overall size of the test speci-men shall be nominally 610 by 710 mm 24 by 28 in. Theoverall test specimen length (that is, direction of joists) shall be710 6 51 mm 28 6 2 in. to accommodate variations in thetest ma
23、terials individual deck board width; the length of thetest material shall be 610 6 4mm246316 in.6.3 JoistsThe test material shall be supported by twonominal 50 by 150 mm 2 by 6-in. joists running perpendicu-lar to the test materials deck boards with a 406 6 4mm16in. center-to-center spacing, creatin
24、g a 90 6 4 mm 3.5 6 0.16in. overhang on the outer side of each edge joist. Joist lengthshall meet the requirements specified in 6.2.6.4 Test Material:6.4.1 All test materials shall be representative of the as-manufactured product including the cross sectional dimen-sions.6.4.2 Test material shall be
25、 sampled to meet the intendedend-use of the test data.6.4.3 Prior to testing, all test material and joists shall beconditioned to a constant weight or for a minimum of 30 daysat 21 6 2C 70 6 4F and 50 % RH 6 5 %, whichever comesfirst. Constant weight shall be defined as a change in testmaterial weig
26、ht less than or equal to2%ina24-h period.6.4.4 Edge-to-edge spacing and method of attachment shallconform to the manufacturers installation recommendations.The test material shall be flush with the ends of the joists at thefront of the test specimen (that is, the edge of the test specimenfacing the
27、front opening of the wind tunnel). Test material atthe back of the test specimen (that is, the edge of the testspecimen furthest away from the front opening of the windtunnel) manufactured with tongue-and-groove edge connec-tions shall be spaced and attached according to the manufac-turers recommend
28、ations.7. Calibration7.1 Calibrating Air Current:7.1.1 Set up the test apparatus and position a smooth deck,1.3 m 4 ft-4 in. long on the framework at a 127 mm per 304.8mm 5 in. per 12 in. horizontal incline.7.1.2 Measure the air velocity at the center and 76 mm 3in. from the edges of the deck.7.1.3
29、Position the center of the air measuring device 95 6 3mm 334 618 in. above the surface. The air flow through andaround the instrument shall be as free and undisturbed aspossible.FIG. 1 Deck Structure Test Specimen and Test Apparatus (Burning-Brand)E2726/E2726M 1227.1.4 Adjust the air supply to produ
30、ce a 1 min timed averagevelocity of 5.3 6 0.2 m/s 12 6 0.5 mph at each of threelocations detailed in 7.1.2.8. Procedure8.1 Conduct this test on three replicate test specimens.8.2 Mount each test specimen in the manner described in5.1.1 with the framework 838.2 mm 33 in. from the air ductoutlet.8.3 S
31、ize and Construction of BrandsConstruct each brand(Fig. 3), as follows, and condition in an oven at 41 to 49C105 to120F for at least 24 h.8.3.1 The Class A test Brand shall consist of a grid 305 mm12 in. square and approximately 57 mm 214 in. thick madeof oven dry Douglas fir lumber free of knots an
32、d pitch pockets.Use 36 nominal 25 by 25 by 305 mm 1 by 1 by 12 in. strips,dressed on all four sides to 19 by 19 mm 34 by34 in. andplaced in three layers of twelve strips each with strips spacedFIG. 2 Test SpecimenE2726/E2726M 1236.35 mm 14 in. apart. Place these strips at right angles to thosein adj
33、oining layers and nail (Note 2) at each end of each stripon one face (Fig. 3). The dry weight of the finished brand shallbe 2000 6 150 g at the time of test.8.3.2 The Class B test brand shall consist of a grid 152 mm6 in. square and approximately 57 mm 214 in. thick made ofdry Douglas fir lumber fre
34、e of knots and pitch pockets. Use 18nominal 25 by 25 by 152 mm 1 by 1 by 6 in. strips, dressedon all four sides to 19 by 19 mm 34 by34 in., and placed inthree layers of six strips each with strips spaced 6.35 mm (14in. apart. Place these strips at right angles to those in adjoininglayers and nail (N
35、ote 2) at each end of each strip on one face(Fig. 3). The dry weight of the finished brand shall be 500 6150 g at the time of test.NOTE 2Nails used in the construction of ClassAand B brands are No.16, 38 mm 112 in. long bright, flat head, diamond point, wire nails. 68nails weighing approximately 42
36、g are used for Class A brand. 32 nailsweighing approximately 21 g are used for Class B brand.8.4 Ignition of BrandBefore application to the test speci-men, the brand shall be ignited by subjecting it, for thefollowing required periods of time, to the flame of a gas burnerof such size that, during th
37、e process of ignition, the brands areenveloped in the burner flame. The flame temperature of theigniting flame shall be 888 6 28C 1630 6 50F measured59 mm 2516 in. above the top of the burner, which is shieldedfrom drafts.8.4.1 Expose Class A test brand to the flame for 5 min,during which time it sh
38、all be rotated to present each surface tothe flame in the following manner and sequence: Each 305 by305-mm 12 by 12-in. face for 30 s, each 57 by 305-mm 214by 12-in. face for 45 s, and each 305 by 305-mm 12 by12-in. face again for 30 s.8.4.2 Expose Class B test brand to the flame for 4 min,during wh
39、ich time they shall be rotated to present each surfaceto the flame in the following manner and sequence: Each 152by 152-mm 6 by 6-in. face for 30 s, each 57 by 152-mm 214by 6-in. face for 30 s, and each 152 by 152-mm 6 by 6-in.face again for 30 s.8.5 Brand Placement:8.5.1 Class A BrandPlace a brand
40、on the surface of eachtest deck at the location considered most vulnerable (point ofminimum coverage over deck joint) with respect to ignition ofthe deck but in no case closer than 101 mm 4 in. from eitherside or 305 mm 12 in. from the edge of the deck closest to thewind source. Place the brand so t
41、hat the strips in both the upperand bottom layers are parallel to the direction of air flow andwith the upper edge of the brand located 76 mm 3 in. abovethe horizontal joint in the test deck. Secure to the deck by a No.18B decking products; spread of flame;upper surface deck fire testAPPENDIX(Nonman
42、datory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 ScopeThis test method was developed in responseto recommendations developed by the California Office of theState Fire Marshal (OSFM) regarding the performance ofdecking materials in a wildland fire (exterior wildfire expo-sure). The composite lumber industry and
43、 solid lumber indus-try participated in the development of these recommendations.The OSFM recommendations established performance criteriafor a variety of materials to be used in exterior buildings,structures, and detached accessory structures. This test methodis intended to address one component of
44、 an exterior wildfireexposure the upper surface deck exposure. This is a perfor-mance test of an as-installed structure comprised of materialsfor which information about their performance is desired. Noattempt has been made to correlate this test with existing flamespread test methods. The test is a
45、 practical attempt to simulatethe case where a flaming combustible material contacts theupper surface of a structure and is capable of becominginvolved in a wildland fire event. The judgment regarding thequantity of fire to be used was the result of wildland fire studiesby University of California a
46、t Berkeley, the OSFM, along withinput from industry and other fire researchers.X1.2 Decking Test Method DevelopmentThe major con-cern about the ignition of decking is the hazard that it presentsto the habitable structure. For example, most decks, porches,patios, and landings are adjacent and usually
47、 attached to thestructure. As such, most decking is configured so that it iscapable of being threatened by two potential sources ofignition: brands on the surface and flaming material underneaththe structure according to the following scenarios:X1.2.1 Scenario 1A brand lands on a deck causingcombust
48、ion leading to flaming combustion. The flames im-pinge on the wall of the structure causing penetration at avulnerable point such as a sliding door or combustible siding.X1.2.2 Scenario 2Abrand is blown under a deck and ontocombustible material causing flaming combustion leading topenetration throug
49、h the siding or some other vulnerable point.Alternatively, the initial ignition is by flame contact of thecombustibles by a surface fire, with the outcome (penetrationthrough a sliding door, siding combustion, etc.) being the same.X1.2.3 Scenario 1 will be discussed in this commentary. Inan attempt to better understand the effects of an upper surfacedeck fire, a preliminary test method was developed by theForest Products Laboratory at University
