1、Designation: E2727 101E2727 18Standard Practice forAssessment of Rainwater Quality1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2727; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pa
2、rentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTETable X1.1 alignment was editorially corrected in October 2014.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a methodology for assessing rainwater quality.1.1.1 Thi
3、s practice identifies a set of research and reporting requirements that will permit the intended user to assess therainwater quality of a catchment area of a particular site.1.1.2 This practice characterizes rainwater quality in general and identifies site conditions that may affect rainwater qualit
4、y.Where site conditions affecting rainwater exist, additional assessment techniques may be required.1.1.3 Objectives guiding the development of this practice are (1) to synthesize and put in writing good commercial andcustomary practice for rainwater quality assessment; (2) to facilitate high qualit
5、y, standardized water stewardship protocols; and(3) to clarify a standard of due diligence that is practical and reasonable.1.2 This practice does not establish design requirements for rainwater harvesting systems. However, it may provide informationin support of decisions relative to design and imp
6、lementation of rainwater harvesting projects.1.3 This practice does not identify use(s) of rainwater, commercial or otherwise. However, it may provide information in supportof decisions relative to evaluation of property conditions and development options.1.4 This practice offers a set of instructio
7、ns for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.1.4.1 Water laws vary among governing jurisdictions. It is the responsibility of the user of this practice to determine regulatoryrequir
8、ements applicable to rainwater quality assessment and potential use(s).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This sta
9、ndard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
10、1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Tr
11、ade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment ProcessE1528 Practice for Limited Environmental Due Diligence: Transaction Screen ProcessE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor
12、mance of BuildingsE2635 Practice for Water Conservation in Buildings Through In-Situ Water Reclamation2.2 EPA Documents:Document:3CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, commonly known as Superfund1 This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E60 on
13、Sustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.07 on Water Use and Conservation.Current edition approved July 1, 2010Feb. 1, 2018. Published October 2010March 2018. DOI:10.1520/E2727-10E01.Originally approved in 2010. Last previous editionapproved in 2010 as E2727-101. DOI:10.15
14、20/E2727-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from United States Environme
15、ntal ProtectionAgency (EPA),Ariel Rios William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 PennsylvaniaAve., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous ve
16、rsion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM Internati
17、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to sustainability relative to the performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adjacent sit
18、e, nany property or properties the border of which is contiguous or partially contiguous with that of theproperty, or that would be contiguous or partially contiguous with that of the property but for a street, road, public thoroughfare,or other physical barrier separating them.3.2.2 brownfield site
19、, nreal property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of whichmay be complicated by the presence orpotential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, orcontaminant.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe term “brownfield site“brownfield site” does not include a site described in Comprehensive Environmental Re
20、sponse,Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B), even though this languagetracks the definition of “brownfield site“ in CERCLA Section 101(39)(A) and (B).3.2.3 building department records, nthose records of the local government in which the property i
21、s located indicatingpermission of the local government to construct, alter, or demolish improvements on the property.3.2.4 catchment area, nsurface, including hard roofs, from which rainwater may be collected.3.2.5 first flush filter, ndevice that automatically diverts the first flow of rainwater co
22、llected from the catchment area.3.2.5.1 DiscussionA first flush filter device usually contains a temporary storage of 50100 L (13.2126.42 gal) (although size is determined byspecific design objectives of the rainwater harvesting system) and a simple valve unit consisting of a ball and seat. The init
23、ialrainfall fills the storage and floats the ball until it rises up to the seat, blocking the opening to the storage.3.2.6 intended user, nindividual or organization identified by the entity assessing rainwater quality as being the one who relieson that information to make decisions.3.2.6.1 Discussi
24、onThe intended user could be the client, the responsible party, program administrators, regulators, the financial community or otheraffected stakeholders, such as local communities, governmental agencies, or non-governmental organizations.3.2.7 nonpotable water, nwater that has not been treated for
25、human consumption in conformance with applicable drinkingwater quality regulations.3.2.8 other contaminated site, na facility that is described in Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, andLiability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, Section 101(39)(B).3.2.8.1 DiscussionA facili
26、ty that is listed on the National Priorities List4 or is proposed for listing would be an example of a contaminated site.3.2.9 potable water, nwater that does not endanger the lives or health of human beings and that conforms to applicableregulations for drinking water quality.3.2.10 rainwater harve
27、sting, vcollecting rainwater from a catchment area and storing it for future use.3.2.11 recognized environmental condition, nthe presence or likely presence of any hazardous substances or petroleumproducts that may affect the catchment area.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThe term includes hazardous substances o
28、r petroleum products even under conditions in compliance with laws. The term is notintended to include de minimis conditions that generally do not present a threat to human health or the environment and that4 The National Priorities List (NPL) is a list compiled by EPApursuant to CERCLA42 U.S.C. 960
29、5(a)(8)(B) of properties with the highest priority for cleanup pursuantto EPAs Hazard Ranking System. (See 40 C.F.R. Part 300.)E2727 182generally would not be the subject of an enforcement action if brought to the attention of appropriate governmental agencies.Conditions determined to be de minimis
30、are not recognized environmental conditions.4. Significance and Use4.1 As the worlds population increases, so does the need for water to meet various needs. Rainwater harvesting offers a viable,sustainable approach to satisfying various water needs.4.1.1 Rainwater harvesting may be the only source o
31、f water supply for many rural and remote households where no other watersupply is available. In urban and suburban locations, rainwater harvesting may help public water systems reduce peak demandsand help delay the need for expanding water treatment plants.4.1.2 Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm
32、 water runoff, nonpoint source pollution, and erosion in urban environments.4.1.3 Rainwater harvesting provides for redundancies and diversified systems that decrease security issues associated withcentralized facilities.4.2 An assessment of rainwater quality is necessary for determination of approp
33、riate uses for water collected and stored inrainwater harvesting systems. This practice identifies a set of research and reporting requirements that will permit the intended userto assess the rainwater quality of a particular site.5. Baseline Characterization of Rain Water Quality5.1 Assumptions:5.1
34、.1 The following assumptions are utilized in delineating baseline rain water quality.5.1.1.1 Rainwater is considered uncontaminated until it falls on a surface.5.1.1.2 Proper maintenance is provided for the rainwater harvesting system in accordance with recommendations of the systemmanufacturer.5.1.
35、1.3 Rainwater that is collected (that is, harvested rainwater) through a leaf/debris screen of minimum 8 mm (0.32 in.) andan insect screen of minimum 1 mm (0.039 in.) stainless steel mesh, after a first flush filter, and does not have unique siteconsiderations as identified in Section 6 shall be ass
36、umed to have the baseline quality characteristics listed herein.5.2 Baseline Quality Characteristics:5.2.1 pH 6.0 7.0.5.2.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 10 mgL (0.00035 oz0.26 gal).5.2.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) 2.5.2.4 Fecal ColiformNo detectable fecal coli/100 mL (0.027 gal).5.2.5 Sod
37、iumNo detectable sodium/100 mL (0.027 gal).5.2.6 ChlorineNo detectable chlorine/100 mL (0.027 gal).5.2.7 EnterovirusesNo detectable entereoviruses/100 mL (0.027 gal).6. Unique Site Considerations Review Process6.1 The contents of rainwater may vary by geographical region and by unique site considera
38、tions. Water can collect andtransport particulates and debris. Water can function as a solvent, absorbing contaminants and minerals. Thus, baseline rainwaterquality may be affected by the surfaces and substances with which it comes in contact.6.2 Review of the site considerations listed in Table 1 i
39、s intended to identify recognized environmental conditions. Recognizedenvironmental conditions will affect water quality and may limit use of rainwater in potable water applications or non-potablewater applications, or both.6.2.1 Accuracy and CompletenessAccuracy and completeness of record informati
40、on varies among information sources,including governmental sources. Record information is often inaccurate or incomplete. The entity providing an assessment is notobligated to identify mistakes or insufficiencies in information provided, but shall make a reasonable effort to identify mistakesor insu
41、fficiencies that are suspected or may be determined during review of site considerations.6.2.2 Reasonably Ascertainable/Standard SourcesAvailability of record information varies by source, including governmentaljurisdictions. The entity providing an assessment is not obligated to identify, obtain, o
42、r review every possible record that mightexist with respect to a property. Instead, this practice identifies record information that shall be reviewed from standard sources,and such that is reasonably ascertainable from those standard sources. Record information that is reasonably ascertainable mean
43、s(1) information that is publicly available, (2) information that is obtainable from its source within reasonable time and costconstraints, and (3) information that is practically reviewable.6.2.3 Publicly AvailableInformation that is publicly available means that the source of the information allow
44、s access to theinformation by anyone upon request.6.2.4 Reasonable Time and CostInformation that is obtainable within reasonable time and cost constraints means that theinformation will be provided by the source within 20 calendar days of receiving a written, telephone, or in person request at nomor
45、e than a nominal cost intended to cover the sources cost of retrieving and duplicating the information. Information that canonly be reviewed by a visit to the source is reasonably ascertainable if the visit is permitted by the source within 20 days of request.E2727 1836.3 Table 1 lists review questi
46、ons for the site. Answers to the questions should be obtained from the following sources:6.3.1 Physical ObservationReview site, including catchment area, and adjacent sites.6.3.2 Document Research:6.3.2.1 InfrastructureReview water and wastewater infrastructure serving the site. Documents may includ
47、e site plans andutility records.6.3.2.2 ContextReview context of site, including catchment area. Documents may include maps, aerial photographs, zoningplans, and National Atmospheric Deposition ProgramNational Trends Network (NADP/NTN) data.NOTE 1The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the lead federal
48、 agency for the monitoring of wet atmospheric deposition (chemical constituentsdeposited from the atmosphere via rain, sleet, and snow) in the United States. The USGS atmospheric deposition program provides:(1 ) Participation and leadership in the NADP/NTN;5 and(2) Scientific research and assessment
49、 to evaluate the effects of atmospheric deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.The NADP monitors wet atmospheric deposition at over 250 NTN sites throughout the United States. The USGS supports 74 of the roughly 250 activeNADP/NTN sites. A fundamental NADP program objective is to provide scientific investigators world-wide with a long-term, high-quality database ofatmospheric deposition for research support in the areas of air quality, water quality, agricultural effects, forest productivity, materials effects, ecosy
