1、Designation: E2748 10Standard Guide forFire-Resistance Experiments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides a means for ensuring comparability of findings among different researchersconducting fire-resistance experiments employing innovative and creat
3、ive variations to standard testmethods. This guide is intended to bring uniformity and consistency to tests and reports coveringfire-resistance research that is generally conducted as a variation of Test Methods E119. Its provisionsare voluntary and users are free to pick and choose from the provisi
4、ons herein provided. Theoverriding goal is to make it possible to begin to provide data that ultimately can be used in fire safetyengineering and fire-resistance modeling as those fields evolve. When the purpose of the research isto study the effect of changing specific individual variables on the o
5、utcome of Test Methods E119fire-resistance tests sound research practices dictate that only one variable should be changed at a time.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance testsusing conditions different than those addressed in Test MethodsE119. This guide also addresses the re
6、porting of data derivedfrom those tests.1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistanceratings suitable for determining compliance with code orregulatory requirements comparable to those resulting fromtests conducted in accordance with Test Methods E119.1.3 The values stated in SI units
7、are to be regarded asstandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the responseof materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or f
8、ire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practic
9、es and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects
10、 of LargeHydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and As-semblies2.2 Other Standards:ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests Elements of BuildingConstruction Part 1: General Requirements3NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance ofBuilding Construction and Materials43. Terminology3.1 Definit
11、ions: For definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology E176.4. Significance and Use4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relateto the conduct and reporting of fire-resistance tests obtainedfrom particular fire-resistance tested specimens tested usingconditions differ
12、ent than those addressed by Test MethodsE119.4.2 Data derived from fire tests conducted and reportedunder this guide are useful for general fire research and aspotential input data for use in fire models.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct re
13、sponsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published May 2010.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
14、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.1Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3 Users of this guide must have knowledge and under-standing of the provisions of Test Methods E119, includingthose pertaining to conditions of acceptance in order tounderstand how the alternative te
16、st conditions relate to thosespecified in Test Methods E119.4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conductedusing exposure conditions different than those specified in TestMethods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance ratingssuitable for determining compliance with code or regu
17、latoryrequirements.4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens aresubjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution ofdifferent exposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specimen. Therefore, thedata are valid for only the alternative expos
18、ure conditions used.5. General Principles5.1 Except as specifically modified herein, fire-resistancetests should be conducted using the test furnaces, exposureconditions, test specimens, instrumentation, and acceptancecriteria set forth in Test Methods E119.5.2 Although it is possible to vary many v
19、ariables at onetime, and it may be desirable to do so when evaluating theresponse of a specimen to specific design fire conditions, it isusually desirable to vary only one parameter at a time whencomparing results from two or more tests or when evaluatingthe effect on fire resistance of changing a s
20、pecific variable.5.3 LimitationsThe test data is valid for only the speci-men and parameters used in the test.6. Alternative Time-Temperature Curves6.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use ofalternative time-temperature curves that are different from thetime-temperature curve spe
21、cified in Test Methods E119.6.1.1 When the time-temperature curve specified in TestMethods E119 is used, it should be so stated in the report.NOTE 1There are a number of recognized time-temperature curves inuse in fire-resistance test standards around the world.6.2 When a recognized or published tim
22、e-temperature curveis used, the source of the curve should be cited and thetemperature curve should be recorded.6.3 Fire safety engineering and computer modeling aremethods whereby non-standard time-temperature curves can bederived to represent specific design conditions.6.3.1 When these design fire
23、s are used as the basis of atime-temperature curve, a table or equation representing thecurve should be recorded.7. Alternative Pressure Differentials7.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use ofspecific furnace pressure differentials.NOTE 2There are a number of recognized or publi
24、shed furnacepressure differentials in use in fire test standards around the world.7.2 When a recognized or published furnace pressure dif-ferential is used, the reference in which the pressure differentialis described should be cited and the pressures should berecorded.7.3 When other pressure differ
25、entials are used for explor-atory research or to replicate actual fire conditions, or for anyother reason, they should be described and should be recorded.7.4 Furnace pressure differentials should be measured asdescribed in NFPA 251.8. Alternative Test Specimens8.1 The provisions in this section are
26、 applicable to the use ofalternative test specimens that are different from the testspecimens specified in Test Methods E119.8.2 Test specimen dimensions, that is, height and width forwalls, length and width for horizontal specimens, or lengths forcolumns or beams, should be recorded and the method
27、used tomodify the furnace opening to accommodate the specimen sizeshould be recorded.8.3 When test specimens having exposed and unexposedsurfaces that are not parallel to each other or that are not flat(planar) are tested, their maximum and minimum thicknesses,and radii, if curved, should be recorde
28、d.8.4 When test specimens having one or more designedprotrusions or indentations (pilasters, alcoves, etc.) either onthe fire side, the unexposed side, or both, are tested, adescription of the size, shape, location, and dimensions of eachprotrusion or indentation should be described and recorded.8.5
29、 When test specimens exceeding the depth of the speci-men mounting frame are tested, the method(s) of protecting theportion of the test specimen extending beyond the frame shouldbe described and recorded.9. Alternative Instrumentation Furnace Environment9.1 When alternative instrumentation is used i
30、n addition tothe standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,the alternative instrumentation should be spaced and mountedso as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.9.2 Furnace Temperature Measurement:9.2.1 When the furnace control temperature measurementmethod (that is, shi
31、elded thermocouples) specified in TestMethods E119 is used it should be so stated in the report.9.2.2 When Directional Flame Thermometers or plate ther-mometers are used they should be spaced as described in9.2.2.1 through 9.2.2.2.NOTE 3Directional Flame Thermometers are described in Test Meth-ods E
32、1529. Specifications for plate thermometers are provided inISO 834-1.9.2.2.1 There should be nine plate thermometers equallydistributed across the test specimen surface.9.2.2.2 Directional Flame Thermometers and Plate ther-mometers should be located 4 in. (100 mm) from the exposedsurface of the test
33、 specimen.9.2.3 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices formonitoring the furnace temperature should be described andrecorded.9.2.4 Any special mounting methods used for plate ther-mometers or other temperature measuring devices should bedescribed and recorded.9.2.5 The locations of furnace t
34、emperature measuring de-vices should be recorded.9.3 Heat Fllux Measurement:E2748 1029.3.1 When heat flux are made in addition to furnacetemperature control measurements the methods, instrumenta-tion, and heat flux profile should be described and recorded.9.3.1.1 Any special mounting methods should
35、be describedand recorded.9.3.2 The locations of heat flux measurement devicesshould be recorded.9.4 Pressure Measurement:9.4.1 When furnace pressures are measured or controlled,the methods, instrumentation, and pressure differentials shouldbe recorded.9.4.2 Furnace pressure should be measured using
36、the tubesensor described in ISO 834-1 and NFPA 251.9.4.2.1 In a vertical furnace, pressure should be measured ata minimum of two locations. The measuring locations shouldbe separated by a minimum of13 the sample height.9.4.2.2 In a horizontal furnace, pressure should be measuredat a single location
37、4 in. (100 mm) below the exposed surfaceof the test specimen.9.4.3 Any special mounting methods should be describedand recorded.9.4.4 The locations of pressure measurement devices shouldbe recorded.9.5 Furnace Oxygen Concentration:9.5.1 When furnace oxygen concentration is being moni-tored, it shoul
38、d be measured in the furnace stack.9.5.1.1 Oxygen concentration should be measured using aparamagnetic-type oxygen analyzer.9.5.1.2 The sampling probe should be similar to the sam-pling probe used in duct measurements of hood calorimetersdescribed in Guide E603.9.5.1.3 Gas samples should be continuo
39、usly drawn out ofthe stack through a sampling line.9.5.2 The oxygen concentration profile should be recorded.9.6 Other Measurement Instrumentation:9.6.1 Additional instrumentation such as load cells, addi-tional thermocouples, moisture content measurement devices,motion sensors, or other instrumenta
40、tion not described orspecified in Test Methods E119 should be fully described andrecorded.10. Alternative Instrumentation Specimen10.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition tothe standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119,the alternative instrumentation should be spaced a
41、nd mountedso as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.10.2 Unexposed Surface Temperature Measurement forWalls and Floor/Ceilings:10.2.1 When the unexposed surface temperature measure-ment methods specified in Test Methods E119 are used, itshould be so stated in the report.10.2.2 Other m
42、ethods, sensors, or measurement devicesused for monitoring the unexposed surface temperature shouldbe described and recorded.10.2.2.1 Any special mounting methods should be describedand recorded.10.2.3 The locations of temperature measuring devicesshould be recorded.10.3 Heat Flux Off the Unexposed
43、Surface of Walls andFloor/Ceilings:10.3.1 When total heat flux off the unexposed surface ismeasured, it should be measured as described in 10.3.1.1through 10.3.1.3.10.3.1.1 Total heat flux coming off the unexposed surfaceshould be measured using a Schmidt-Boetler-type water-cooled total heat flux ga
44、uge.10.3.1.2 The heat flux gauge should be placed near thecenter of the unexposed side of the specimen and as close to thespecimen surface as practical.10.3.1.3 When the test specimen contains a transparentelement, an additional heat flux gauge should be placed nearthe center of the transparent elem
45、ent and as close as practicalto the surface of the transparent element.10.4 Temperature Profile Through Test Specimens:10.4.1 When the temperature profile of test specimens ismonitored, it should be monitored as described in 10.4.1.1through 10.4.1.4.10.4.1.1 Temperatures should be measured through t
46、hethickness of the test specimen at not less than two locationsrepresentative of each major heat-transfer path within thespecimen.10.4.1.2 The surface temperature on the exposed sideshould be measured with a ceramic braid, 24-gauge, Type Kbare bead thermocouple placed in contact with the exposedsurf
47、ace of the test specimen.10.4.1.3 The surface temperature on the unexposed sideshould be measured using an optical pyrometer suitable formeasuring temperatures on the unexposed side.10.4.1.4 Internal temperatures should be measured usingInconel-sheathed Type K thermocouples with a sheath diam-eter o
48、f 0.04 in. (1.0 mm).10.5 Gas Temperature Measurement:10.5.1 When gas temperatures are measured they should bemeasured as described in 10.5.1.1 through 10.5.1.3.10.5.1.1 Gas temperatures should be measured using aspi-rated thermocouples.NOTE 4Aspirated thermocouples are described in Guide E603.10.5.1
49、.2 Gas temperatures should be measured on the ex-posed and unexposed surfaces at each location where atemperature profile is being monitored.10.5.1.3 Aspirated thermocouples should be placed as closeto the surface as possible.10.6 Temperature Measurement for Beams and Columns:10.6.1 When the beam and column temperature measure-ment methods specified in Test Methods E119 are used, itshould be so stated in the report.10.6.2 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices formonitoring beam and/or column temperatures should be de-scribed and recorded.10.6.2.1 Any special mo
