1、Designation: E2748 12 E2748 12a An American National StandardStandard Guide forFire-Resistance Experiments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2748; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis guide provides a means for ensuring comparability of findings among different researchersconducting fire-resistance ex
3、periments employing innovative and creative variations to standard testmethods. This guide is intended to bring uniformity and consistency to tests and reports coveringfire-resistance research that is generally conducted as a variation of Test Methods E119. Its provisionsare voluntary and users are
4、free to pick and choose from the provisions herein provided. Theoverriding goal is to make it possible to begin to provide data that ultimately can be used in fire safetyengineering and fire-resistance modeling as those fields evolve. When the purpose of the research isto study the effect of changin
5、g specific individual variables on the outcome of Test Methods E119fire-resistance tests, sound research practices dictate that only one variable should be changed at atime.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the conduct of fire-resistance tests using conditions different than those addressed in Test Meth
6、ods E119.This guide also addresses the reporting of data derived from those tests.1.2 This guide does not provide or generate fire-resistance ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatoryrequirements comparable to those resulting from tests conducted in accordance with Test Met
7、hods E119.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorp
8、orate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to
9、establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire Experim
10、entsE1529 Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies2.2 Other Standards:ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests Elements of Building Construction Part 1: General Requirements3NFPA 251 Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Resistance of Building Cons
11、truction and Materials43. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology E176.3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology .4. Significance and Use4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the conduct and
12、reporting of fire-resistance tests obtained fromparticular fire-resistance tested specimens tested using conditions different than those addressed by Test Methods E119.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Data derived f
13、rom fire tests conducted and reported under this guide are useful for general fire research and as potential inputdata for use in fire models.4.3 It is necessary that users of this guide have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119, includingthose pertaining to conditions
14、of acceptance in order to understand how the alternative test conditions relate to those specified inTest Methods E119.4.4 Users of this guide should be aware that tests conducted using exposure conditions different than those specified in TestMethods E119 do not provide or generate fire resistance
15、ratings suitable for determining compliance with code or regulatoryrequirements.4.4.1 In Test Methods E119, standard test specimens are subjected to specific exposure conditions. Substitution of differentexposure conditions can change the measured fire-test-response characteristics of a test specime
16、n. Therefore, the data are valid foronly the alternative exposure conditions used.5. General Principles5.1 Except as specifically modified herein, fire-resistance tests should be conducted using the test furnaces, exposure conditions,test specimens, instrumentation, and acceptance criteria set forth
17、 in Test Methods E119.5.2 Although it is possible to vary many variables at one time, and it may be desirable to do so when evaluating the responseof a specimen to specific design fire conditions, it is usually desirable to vary only one parameter at a time when comparing resultsfrom two or more tes
18、ts or when evaluating the effect on fire resistance of changing a specific variable.5.3 LimitationsThe test data is valid for only the specimen and parameters used in the test.6. Alternative Time-Temperature Curves6.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of alternative time-tempe
19、rature curves that are different from thetime-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119.6.1.1 When the time-temperature curve specified in Test Methods E119 is used, it should be so stated in the report.NOTE 1There are a number of recognized time-temperature curves in use in fire-resistance t
20、est standards around the world.6.2 When a recognized or published time-temperature curve is used, the reference in which the curve is described should becited and the time-temperature curve should be reported.6.3 Fire safety engineering and computer modeling are methods whereby non-standard time-tem
21、perature curves can be derivedto represent specific design conditions.6.3.1 When these design fires are used as the basis of a time-temperature curve, a table or equation representing the curve shouldbe reported.7. Alternative Pressure Differentials7.1 The provisions in this section are applicable t
22、o the use of specific furnace pressure differentials.NOTE 2There are a number of recognized or published furnace pressure differentials in use in fire test standards around the world.7.2 When a recognized or published furnace pressure differential is used, the reference in which the pressure differe
23、ntial isdescribed should be cited and the pressures should be reported.7.3 When other pressure differentials are used for exploratory research or to replicate actual fire conditions, or for any otherreason, they should be described and should be reported.7.4 Furnace pressure differentials should be
24、measured as described in NFPA 251.8. Alternative Test Specimens8.1 The provisions in this section are applicable to the use of alternative test specimens that are different from the test specimensspecified in Test Methods E119.8.2 Test specimen dimensions, that is, height and width for walls, length
25、 and width for horizontal specimens, or lengths forcolumns or beams, should be reported and the method used to modify the furnace opening to accommodate the specimen sizeshould be reported.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility
26、 of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.Current edition approved April 1, 2012Nov. 1, 2012. Published April 2012November 2012. Originally approved in 2010 as E274810. Last previous edition approved in20112012 as E274811.12. DOI: 10.1520/E2748-12.10.1520/E2748-12A.2 For referenced ASTM standards,
27、visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211, Gene
28、va 20, Switzerland.4 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.E2748 12a28.3 When test specimens having exposed and unexposed surfaces that are not parallel to each other or that are not flat (planar)are tested, their m
29、aximum and minimum thicknesses, and radii, if curved, should be reported.8.4 When test specimens having one or more designed protrusions or indentations (pilasters, alcoves, etc.) either on the fire side,the unexposed side, or both, are tested, the size, shape, location, and dimensions of each protr
30、usion or indentation should bedescribed and reported.8.5 When test specimens exceeding the depth of the specimen mounting frame are tested, the method(s) of protecting the portionof the test specimen extending beyond the frame should be described and reported.9. Alternative Instrumentation Furnace E
31、nvironment9.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119, thealternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.9.2 Furnace Temperature Measurement:9.2.1 When the f
32、urnace control temperature measurement method (that is, shielded thermocouples) specified in Test MethodsE119 is used it should be so stated in the report.9.2.2 When Directional Flame Thermometers or plate thermometers are used they should be spaced as described in 9.2.2.1through 9.2.2.2.NOTE 3Direc
33、tional Flame Thermometers are described in Test Methods E1529. Specifications for plate thermometers are provided in ISO 834-1.9.2.2.1 There should be nine plate thermometers equally distributed across the test specimen surface.9.2.2.2 Directional Flame Thermometers and Plate thermometers should be
34、located 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) from the exposedsurface of the test specimen. specimen at the beginning of the test.9.2.3 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices for monitoring the furnace temperature should be described and reported.9.2.4 Any special mounting methods used for plate thermome
35、ters or other temperature measuring devices should be describedand reported.9.2.5 The locations of furnace temperature measuring devices should be reported.9.3 Heat Flux Measurement:9.3.1 When heat flux measurements are taken in addition to furnace temperature control measurements, the methods,instr
36、umentation, and heat flux profile should be described and reported.9.3.1.1 Any special mounting methods should be described and reported.9.3.2 The locations of heat flux measurement devices should be reported.9.4 Pressure Measurement:9.4.1 When furnace pressures are measured or controlled, the metho
37、ds, instrumentation, and pressure differentials should bereported.9.4.2 Furnace pressure should be measured using the tube sensor described in ISO 834-1 and NFPA 251.9.4.2.1 In a vertical furnace, pressure should be measured at a minimum of two locations. The measuring locations should beseparated b
38、y a minimum of 13 the test specimen height.9.4.2.2 In a horizontal furnace, pressure should be measured at a single location a nominal 4 6 0.2 in. (100 6 5 mm) belowthe exposed surface of the test specimen.specimen at the beginning of the test.9.4.3 Any special mounting methods should be described a
39、nd reported.9.4.4 The locations of pressure measurement devices should be reported.9.5 Furnace Oxygen Concentration:9.5.1 When furnace oxygen concentration is being monitored, it should be measured in the furnace stack.9.5.1.1 Oxygen concentration should be measured using a paramagnetic-type oxygen
40、analyzer.9.5.1.2 The sampling probe should be similar to the sampling probe used in duct measurements of hood calorimeters describedin Guide E603.9.5.1.3 Gas samples should be continuously drawn out of the stack through a sampling line.9.5.2 The oxygen concentration profile should be reported.9.6 Ot
41、her Measurement Instrumentation:9.6.1 Additional instrumentation such as load cells, additional thermocouples, moisture content measurement devices, motionsensors, or other instrumentation not described or specified in Test Methods E119 should be fully described and reported.10. Alternative Instrume
42、ntation Specimen10.1 When alternative instrumentation is used in addition to the standard instrumentation specified in Test Methods E119, thealternative instrumentation should be spaced and mounted so as to not interfere with the standard instrumentation.10.2 Unexposed Surface Temperature Measuremen
43、t for Walls and Floor/Ceilings:E2748 12a310.2.1 When the unexposed surface temperature measurement methods specified in Test Methods E119 are used, it should beso stated in the report.10.2.2 Other methods, sensors, or measurement devices used for monitoring the unexposed surface temperature should b
44、edescribed and reported.10.2.2.1 Any special mounting methods should be described and reported.10.2.3 The locations of temperature measuring devices should be reported.10.3 Heat Flux Off the Unexposed Surface of Walls and Floor/Ceilings:10.3.1 When total heat flux off the unexposed surface is measur
45、ed, it should be measured as described in 10.3.1.1 through10.3.1.3.10.3.1.1 Total heat flux coming off the unexposed surface should be measured using a Schmidt-Boetler-type water-cooled totalheat flux gauge.10.3.1.2 The heat flux gauge should be placed near the center of the unexposed surface of the
46、 specimen and as close to thespecimen surface as practical.10.3.1.3 When the test specimen contains a transparent element, an additional heat flux gauge should be placed near the centerof the transparent element and as close as practical to the surface of the transparent element.10.4 Temperature Pro
47、file Through Test Specimens:10.4.1 When the temperature profile of test specimens is monitored, it should be monitored as described in 10.4.1.1 through10.4.1.4.10.4.1.1 Temperatures should be measured through the thickness of the test specimen at not less than two locationsrepresentative of each maj
48、or heat-transfer path within the specimen.10.4.1.2 The surface temperature on the exposed side should be measured with a 24-gauge, Type K bare bead thermocoupleplaced in contact with the exposed surface of the test specimen.10.4.1.3 The surface temperature on the unexposed side should be measured us
49、ing an optical pyrometer suitable for measuringtemperatures on the unexposed side.10.4.1.4 Internal temperatures should be measured using Inconel-sheathed Type K thermocouples with a sheath diameter of 0.04in. (1.0 mm).10.5 Gas Temperature Measurement:10.5.1 When gas temperatures are measured they should be measured as described in 10.5.1.1 through 10.5.1.3.10.5.1.1 Gas temperatures should be measured using aspirated thermocouples.NOTE 4Aspirated thermocouples are described in Guide E603.10.5.1.2 Gas temperatures should be measured on the exposed and unexposed su
