1、Designation: E2778 14Standard Specification forCustom Tiled/Mortared Masonry Heaters (Stoves)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2778; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification contains specifications for the dimen-sioning of custom tiled/mortared masonry heaters (stoves). Thecustom tiled/mort
3、ared masonry heaters (stoves) are individu-ally technically calculated and constructed. This informationcan be used for log (cordwood) wood-fired masonry heatersthat burn one fuel load per storage period with a maximum loadbetween 10 and 40 kg and a storage period (nominal heatingtime) between 8 and
4、 24 h per EN 15544.1.2 This specification is valid for masonry heaters equippedwith fireclay as interior material with an apparent densitybetween 1750 and 2200 kg/m, a degree of porosity 18 up to33 % by volume, and a heat conductivity from 0.65 up to0.90 W mK (temperature range 20 to 400C) per EN 15
5、544.1.3 This specification is valid for masonry heaters withsidewise combustion air supply of the combustion chamber.1.4 This specification is not valid for masonry heaterscombined with water heat exchangers for central heating orother heat-absorbing elements such as glass plates greater than16 of t
6、he combustion chamber surface, open water tanks, andso forth. It is also not valid for masonry heaters combined withheating/fireplace elements in accordance with EN 13229.Furthermore, this specification is not valid for mass-producedprefabricated or partly prefabricated slow heat release appli-ances
7、 according to EN 15250.1.5 The calculation method of this specification is used toestablish emissions and energy efficiency when burning logwood or wood briquettes according to the manufacturers orbuilders manual.1.6 Clearance to CombustiblesWhen a masonry heater isconstructed according to this spec
8、ification, the clearance tocombustibles shall be in accordance with TRVB 105 or otherappropriate standards.1.7 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
9、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building Constru
10、ctionsE1602 Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Ma-sonry Heaters2.2 EN Standards:3EN 13229 Inset appliances including open fires fired by solidfuelsRequirements and test methodsEN 133841 ChimneysThermal and fluid dynamic calcu-lation methodsPart 1: Chimneys serving one applianceEN 15250 Slo
11、w heat release appliances fired by solid fuelRequirements and test methodsEN 15544 One off Kachelgrundfen/Putzgrundfen tiled/mortared (sic) stoves: Calculation methods2.3 Austrian National Fire Service Association Standard:4TRVB 105 Fireplaces for Solid Fuels3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Terms used
12、 in this specification are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Masonry heaters are also known by the following wordsand terms and are further explained in Guide E1602;Kachelofen, Kakelugn, grundofen, Kachelgrundfen,Putzgrundfen, and slow heat release appliance.4. Classification4.1 Nominal Heat OutputThe
13、nominal heat output shall bespecified.4.2 Load of Fuel:1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014.
14、 DOI: 10.1520/E277814.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Deutsches Institut fur
15、Normung e.V.(DIN), Burggrafenstrasse 6,10787, Berlin, Germany, http:/www.din.de.4Available from sterreichischer Bundes Feuerwehr Verband (BFV), Voit-gasse 4, 1220 Wien, Austria, http:/www.bundesfeuerwehrverband.at/shop/contact.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
16、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2.1 Maximum LoadThe maximum load of fuel is calcu-lated per EN 15544.4.2.2 Minimum LoadThe minimum load is fixed at 50 %of the maximum load per EN 15544.mBmin5 0.5!mB! (1)where:mB= maximum load (kg), andmBmin= minimum load (kg).4.3 Design of the Essential D
17、imensions:4.3.1 Combustion Chamber DimensionsThe design of thedimensions of the combustion chamber is necessary because,on one hand, enough room to place the fuel in it is needed and,on the other hand, the requirements for a clean combustionhave to be fulfilled.4.3.1.1 Combustion Chamber Surface:(1)
18、 The dimension of the combustion chamber surface hasto be calculated per EN 15544.(2) For the calculation of the combustion chamber surfaceall its walls, the ceiling, and the base, including the area of thecombustion chamber opening and the combustion chamber exitfor the flue gas, have to be regarde
19、d equally.4.3.1.2 Combustion Chamber Base:(1) The combustion chamber base can be varied between aminimum and a maximum value.(2) The minimum value results from the requirement that,at maximum load, a height of the fuel of 33 cm shall not beexceeded. Therefore, a base of 100 cm2per kg fuel is neededp
20、er EN 15544.(3) The maximum area of the base of the combustionchamber is defined per EN 15544.(4) When the base is rectangular, the proportion of lengthto width can be varied from 1 to 2, but a minimum width of 23cm is required per EN 15544.4.3.1.3 Combustion Chamber Height:(1) The minimum combustio
21、n chamber height is definedper EN 15544.(2) On the basis of the specifications of the combustionchamber base and the combustion chamber surface, the com-bustion chamber height shall be calculated per EN 15544.4.3.2 Minimum Flue Pipe Length:4.3.2.1 Construction without Air GapThe minimum fluepipe len
22、gth shall be calculated per EN 15544.4.3.2.2 Construction with Air GapThe minimum flue pipelength shall be calculated per EN 15544.4.3.3 Gas Groove ProfileThe gas groove profile shall becalculated per EN 15544.4.4 Calculation of the Burning RateThe burn rate shall becalculated per EN 15544.4.5 Fixin
23、g of the Air RatioCombustion in a masonryheater is a process, which is variable, it is not steady state. Themean air ratio is fixed per EN 15544.4.6 Combustion Air, Flue Gas:4.6.1 Combustion Air Flow RateThe mean combustion airflow rate shall be calculated per EN 15544.4.6.1.1 Temperature Correction
24、The temperature correc-tion factor shall be calculated per EN 15544.4.6.1.2 Altitude CorrectionThe altitude correction factorshall be calculated per EN 15544.4.6.2 Flue Gas Flow Rate:4.6.2.1 The knowledge of the flue gas flow rate is importantfor the calculation of the flue pipe diameter. It is calc
25、ulated perEN 15544.4.6.2.2 The value, ft, shall be calculated using the flue gastemperature of the flue pipe section. This means that along theflue pipe the decreasing temperature leads to a lower flue gasflow rate.4.6.3 Flue Gas Mass Flow RateThe flue gas mass flowrate shall be calculated per EN 15
26、544.4.7 Calculations of the Density:4.7.1 Combustion Air DensityThe density of the combus-tion air at standard conditions shall be per EN 15544.4.7.2 Flue Gas DensityThe density of the flue gas atstandard conditions is 1.282 kg/m3. It shall be calculated perEN 15544.4.8 Calculation of the Flue Gas T
27、emperature:4.8.1 Mean Combustion Chamber TemperatureThe com-bustion chamber temperature is necessary to calculate thestanding pressure in the combustion chamber. Because of thecalculation of the combustion chamber surface, the calculationtemperature of all combustion chambers is similar. The tem-per
28、ature shall be fixed per EN 15544.4.8.2 Flue Gas Temperature in the Flue Pipe:4.8.2.1 The decrease of the temperature along the flue pipeshall be calculated per EN 15544.4.8.2.2 This development of the temperature is valid fromthe combustion chamber exit to the connecting pipe.4.8.3 Flue Gas Tempera
29、ture in the Connecting PipeTheflue gas temperature in the connecting pipe shall be calculatedbased on EN 13384-1.4.8.4 Flue Gas Temperature at Chimney Entrance, MeanFlue Gas Temperature of the Chimney, and Temperature of theChimney Wall at the Top of the ChimneyThe flue gastemperature at chimney ent
30、rance, the mean flue gas tempera-ture of the chimney, and the temperature of the chimney wallat the top of the chimney are calculated based on EN 13384-1.The outside temperature for the calculation shall be fixed with0C.4.9 Calculation of Flow Mechanics:4.9.1 Calculation of the Standing Pressure:4.9
31、.1.1 The standing pressure results in the difference be-tween the densities of the flue gas and the air.4.9.1.2 The standing pressure shall be calculated per EN15544.4.9.1.3 The effective height is the vertical difference be-tween the flue gas exit and the flue gas entrance of a flue pipesection, th
32、e connecting pipe, or the chimney. For thecombustion, the combustion chamber height, HBR, shall beused. The air density shall be calculated per EN 15544, and theflue gas density shall be calculated per EN 15544. For thecombustion chamber, the combustion chamber temperature,tBR, shall be used.4.9.2 C
33、alculation of the Flow Velocity:E2778 1424.9.2.1 The velocity shall be calculated by dividing the airor flue gas flow rates by the profile per EN 15544.4.9.2.2 The flow velocity in the flue pipe, the connectingpipe, and the chimney shall be between 1.2 and 6 m/s per EN15544.4.9.3 Calculation of the
34、Static FrictionThe static frictionin the flue pipe, the connecting pipe, and the chimney shall becalculated with EN 133841 as follows:pR5 f!pd!L!Dh! (2)where:pR= static friction (Pa);pd= dynamic pressure (Pa);f= friction coefficient;L = length of flue pipe section, connecting pipe, or chimney(m); an
35、dDh= hydraulic diameter (m).4.9.3.1 Dynamic PressureThe dynamic pressure shall becalculated per EN 15544.4.9.3.2 Friction Coeffcient:(1) The friction coefficient shall be calculated according toan approximation per EN 15544.4.9.3.3 Hydraulic DiameterThe hydraulic diameter shallbe calculated per EN 1
36、5544.4.9.4 Calculation of the Resistance as a Result of DirectionChange:4.9.4.1 The resistance as a result of direction change shallbe calculated by multiplication of the dynamic pressure withthe resistance coefficient per EN 15544.4.9.4.2 Interim values shall be interpolated linearly.4.9.4.3 If a f
37、lue pipe section is shorter than its hydraulicdiameter (short flue pipe section: LDh), the resistances of thedirection changes before and after the section are not fullyeffective. Therefore, the calculation of the resistance coefficientshall be done per EN 15544.4.10 Operation Control:4.10.1 Pressur
38、e Condition:4.10.1.1 At nominal heat output, the sum of all buoyancies(ph) shall be compared with the sum of all resistances (pr, pu)per EN 15544.4.10.1.2 The calculation shall be done section by sectionstarting with the air inlet and ending with the exit of thechimney. For the calculation, the cond
39、itions (temperature,velocity) in the middle of each section shall be taken per EN15544.4.10.1.3 The following term shall be fulfilled per EN 15544: pr1 pu! # ph# 1.05! pr1 pu! (3)where:pr= sum of all static frictions (Pa),pu= sum of all resistances as a result of direction change(Pa), andph= sum of
40、all buoyancies (Pa).4.10.2 Dew Point Condition:4.10.2.1 At the lowest load, the temperature of the chimneywall at its top is compared with the dew point temperature ofthe flue gas.4.10.2.2 The following term shall be fulfilled per EN 15544:ti,2$45 (4)where:ti,2= chimney wall temperature at its top (
41、C).4.10.2.3 For this calculation, a dew point temperature of45C is used. The chimney wall temperature at its top shall becalculated based on EN 13384-1.4.10.3 Effciency of the Combustion, The efficiency ofthe combustion, , shall be calculated per EN 15544.4.10.4 Flue Gas Triple of VariatesThe flue g
42、as tempera-ture is the outlet temperature of the flue pipe calculatedaccording to 4.8.2 with the total flue pipe length. The flue gasmass flow rate shall be calculated according to 4.6.3. Therequired delivery pressure shall be calculated per EN 15544.5. Calculations5.1 If the calculations of this sp
43、ecification are observed, theminimum energy efficiency of 78 % (fuel low-heat value) andthe emission values of carbon monoxide 1500 mg/mn3(1000mg/MJ), nitrogen dioxide 225 mg/mn3(150 mg/MJ), organi-cally bound carbon 120 mg/mn3(80 mg/MJ), and dust 90mg/mn3(60 mg/MJ) will be observed too.5.2 This cal
44、culation method for the dimensioning of tiled/mortared stoves shall be based on appropriate literature as wellas EN 13384-1, in which, besides physical and chemicalformulas, empirically determined correlations are also used.NOTE 1In case of a calculation method for different interior materialsthan f
45、ireclay, the proof of the compliance of the emission values has to bedelivered separately. Furthermore, the empiric data of the combustionchamber dimensions, the minimum flue pipe length, the burning rate, aswell as the combustion chamber temperature and the decrease of thetemperature along the flue
46、 pipe have to be determined.6. Keywords6.1 dimensioning; emissions; masonry heater; tiled/mortared stoveE2778 143ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advi
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