1、Designation: E2817 11 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forTest Fueling Masonry Heaters1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2817; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining particulate matter emissions fromsolid fuel biomass (cordwood or
3、 other densified, binder freebiomass fuels) fires in masonry heaters. It may also be used totest other similar appliances (see 3.2.20).1.2 This test method is applicable to the operation andfueling of masonry heaters during particulate emissions mea-surement test periods. The prescribed methods and
4、proceduresof these protocols are performed on masonry heaters installedand operated in accordance with the builder or manufacturersspecifications.1.3 In conjunction with Test Method E2515, this testmethod provides a protocol for laboratory emissions testing ofmasonry heaters that is intended to simu
5、late actual use inresidential homes and other consumer applications. Since suchactual use involves almost solely cordwood fueling, AnnexA1,Cordwood Fuel, provides as close a simulation as is currentlypossible of consumer use, and is recommended for predictingactual consumer emissions performance. Fo
6、r regulatory andother potential uses in comparing relative emissions of variousmasonry heater products and designs, Annex A2, CribwoodFueling, and Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn,provide optional additional fueling protocols that substitutedimensional lumber cribs for the cordwood fuel. Data
7、thatestablish the relationships between the emissions results gen-erated by Annex A2 and Annex A3 and the emissions resultsgenerated by Annex A1 are not currently available.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to
8、 inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and envir
9、onmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standar
10、ds, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1602 Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Ma-sonry HeatersE2515 Test Method for Determinatio
11、n of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel2.2 Other Standards:EN 15250 Slow Heat Release Appliances Fired By SolidFuel-Requirements And Test Methods3EN 15544 One Off Kachelgrundfen/Putzgrundfen (Tiled/Mortared Stoves): Calculation Method3NIST Monograph 175 Standard Limits of Err
12、or4US EPA Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this test method are definedin Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 ashpit loss, nthe incomplete burned residue (char-coal) left with the ash after a test run is completed.3
13、.2.2 burn rate, nthe average rate at which test-fuel isconsumed in a masonry heater during a test run. The burn rateexcludes the inorganic salts and minerals (that is, “ash”) and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibil
14、ity of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E281711. DOI:10.1520/E2817-11R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
15、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V.(DIN), Am DIN-Platz,Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany, http:/www.din.de.4Avail
16、able from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.5Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.ep
17、a.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of
18、 International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1incompletely burned residues (charcoal) remaining at the endof a test run; measured in mass of dry wood burned per hour(kg/hour, lb/hour).3.2.3 calibration error,
19、nthe difference between the gasconcentration displayed by a gas analyzer and the knownconcentration of the calibration gas when the calibration gas isintroduced directly to the analyzer.3.2.4 calibration (span) drift, nthe difference between theexpected instruments response and the actual instrument
20、sresponse when a calibration (span) gas is introduced to theanalyzer after a stated period of time has elapsed during whichno maintenance, repair or adjustment has taken place:calibration span! drift5Sactual response 2 expected response!expected responseD31003.2.5 calibration (span) gas, na known co
21、ncentration ofcarbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), or oxygen (O2)in nitrogen (N2), or a combination thereof.3.2.6 combustion period emissions rate (ERCP), ntheparticulate emissions rate during the masonry heater combus-tion period only (cf. heating cycle emissions rate).3.2.7 Douglas fir, nfo
22、r crib fueling protocols; untreated,standard, or better grade Douglas fir lumber with agency gradestamp: D. Fir or Douglas Fir.3.2.8 firebox, nthe chamber within the masonry heaterwhere the fuel is placed and combusted.3.2.9 firebox length, nthe longest horizontal fire chamberdimension where fuel pi
23、eces might reasonably be expected tobe placed in accordance with the manufacturers writteninstructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (in nonorthogonal fireboxes the fuel load will be placed according tothe builder or manufacturers instructions or at the bestjudgment of the testing lab).3
24、.2.10 firebox width, nthe shortest horizontal fire chamberdimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected tobe placed in accordance with the manufacturers writteninstructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (in nonorthogonal fireboxes the fuel load will be placed according tothe b
25、uilder or manufacturers instructions or at the bestjudgment of the testing lab).3.2.11 firing interval (FI), nthe period of time duringwhich the stored heat energy is released prior to the next firing,as specified by the builder or manufacturer.3.2.12 flue-gas temperature, nthe temperature measureda
26、t the primary flue-gas sampling and temperature measurementlocation: Pre-Test flue-gas temperature is measured at thePrimary Flue-Gas Sampling and Temperature MeasurementLocation within 15 minutes before a test is initiated and at least1 hour after the masonry heater was closed in accordance with9.5
27、.2.3.2.13 fuel crib, nthe fuel load placed in the firebox priorto the test start. The fuel crib includes all of the kindling pieces,fuel pieces and spacers needed to assemble a fuel crib. Specificfuel crib configurations are described in Annex A2, CribwoodFueling, or Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Dow
28、n Burn.3.2.14 fuel piece, n(1) cordwood fuel: triangularly splitsolid wood fuel: each piece shall be able to pass through a152-mm (6-in.) hole while not passing through a 76-mm (3-in.)hole. Other cordwood cross sections shall be allowed ifspecified in the builder or manufacturers instructions. (2) c
29、ribfuel: “2 2,” “2 4,” or “4 4” wood pieces used to constructfuel cribs: “2 2,” “2 4,” and “4 4” referring to thenominal width and depth dimensions for commonly availabledimensional lumber. The actual dimensions are38mm38mm (112 in.112 in.), 38 mm 89 mm(112 in.312 in.) and 89 mm 89 mm (312 in.312 in
30、.).3.2.15 fuel weight, total, n(1) cordwood: the total weightof the kindling and fuel pieces used in a test run (the test loadcan be added as multiple fuel loadings if the builder ormanufacturer indicates this in the operating instructions; nosuch individual fuel loading shall be less than 20 % of t
31、he totalfuel weight). (2) crib fuel: the total weight of the kindling andfuel pieces and spacers.3.2.16 grate, nfor the purposes of masonry heater testingand operation, any grate included with the masonry heater orspecified by the masonry heater builder or manufacturer for thepurpose of supplying co
32、mbustion air, elevating the fuel loadabove the hearth, preventing fuel pieces from falling outsidethe intended burning area, or all of the above. The volumebelow a fuel-elevating grate shall not be considered part of theusable firebox volume.3.2.17 heating cycle emissions rate (ERHC), nthe effective
33、particulate emissions over the heating cycle of the masonryheater. It is calculated based on the builder or manufacturersspecified period of time between firings in which the heatstored in the masonry heater radiates useful heat to the heatedspace (cf. combustion period emissions rate).3.2.18 intern
34、al assembly, nthe core construction and fire-box design factors that may affect combustion function orparticulate emissions factor of a masonry heater.3.2.19 kindling brand, nthe fuel comprised of fuel stripsseparated by air spaces and placed above or contiguous tocrumpled newspaper to initiate comb
35、ustion in the testedmasonry heater (see Annex A2, Cribwood Fueling, or AnnexA3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn).3.2.20 masonry heater, nsolid-fuel biomass burning appli-ance or unit as described in Guide E1602. This method mayalso be used in testing other appliances conforming toEN 15250 or EN 15544,
36、or both, but not necessarily conform-ing to the Guide E1602 masonry heater definition.3.2.21 maximum flue-gas oxygen depression, nthe differ-ence between the baseline air supply oxygen concentration(that is, 20.9 %) and the lowest oxygen concentration measuredand recorded during the test run or, alt
37、ernatively, the differencebetween the base line air supply oxygen concentration (20.9 %)and the lowest oxygen measured and recorded during the testrun determined by subtracting the maximum flue gas carbondioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) values from 20.9 %:maximum O2depression 5 20.9%2F%CO21S%C
38、O2DGE2817 11 (2018)23.2.22 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE2515.3.2.23 primary flue-gas sampling and temperature measure-ment location, narea within the center 33
39、 % of the cross-sectional area of the flue-gas exhaust duct at the point 30 cm(12 in.) downstream from the beginning of the flue collar orchimney system anchor plate or other connector used toconnect the chimney to the masonry heater.3.2.24 response time, nthe amount of time required for agas measur
40、ement system to respond and display a 95 % stepchange in a gas concentration.3.2.25 sampling system bias, nthe difference between thegas concentrations displayed by an analyzer when a gas ofknown concentration is introduced at the inlet of the samplingprobe and the gas concentration displayed when t
41、he same gasis introduced directly to the analyzer.3.2.26 spacers, nwood pieces used to hold individual fuelpieces together when constructing fuel cribs. Their function isto provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and air spacesbetween fuel pieces, as well as to hold the fuel cribs together(with nail
42、s).3.2.27 span (or span value), nthe upper limit of a gasanalyzers measurement range. (Typically 25 % for CO2andO2, and 5 % or 10 % for CO.)3.2.28 test facility, nthe area in which the masonry heateris installed, operated, and sampled for emissions; may includecommercial and residential structures.3
43、.2.29 test-fuel loading factor, nthe ratio between test-fuelcrib volume, including kindling pieces and inter-fuel-piecespacing, and the usable firebox volume. For these protocols,the test-fuel loading factor for masonry heaters is 0.30 (that is,30 %) unless otherwise specified.3.2.30 test run, nthe
44、time from the start of a test at ignitionuntil the time flue-gas oxygen concentration has recovered to atleast 95 % of the ambient oxygen concentration. A valid testmust consume at least 90 % of the test fuel weight (see9.5.8.2).3.2.31 test series, na group of test runs at a lab on thesame masonry h
45、eater.3.2.32 total sampling time (), nthe time that elapsesbetween the start of the test as described in 9.5.3 and the endof the test as described in 9.5.7 (in minutes).3.2.33 usable firebox height, nthe height within the fire-box at or below which fuel is placed. The usable firebox heightis to be s
46、pecified by the builder or manufacturer. In the absenceof a builder or manufacturer specification, the usable fireboxheight is the height of the top of the loading door.3.2.34 usable firebox volume (Fv), nthe volumetric spacewithin the firebox of a masonry heater into which fuel isintended to be pla
47、ced.3.2.35 zero drift, nThe difference between the expectedinstruments response and the actual instruments response whena zero gas is introduced to the analyzer after a stated period oftime has elapsed during which no maintenance repair oradjustment has taken place:zero drift 5Sactual response 2 exp
48、ected response!span span value!D31003.2.36 zero gas, na gas with no detectable (measurable)amounts of CO2, CO, or O2(usually N2), or a combinationthereof.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is to be used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The test masonry heater is constructed, fueled,a
49、nd fired according to the builder or manufacturers installationand operating instructions. In the absence of such writteninstructions, this test method provides defaults for the testinglaboratory or other users to determine needed testing values.4.2 The builder or manufacturer of the masonry heater beingevaluated shall provide the following, as furnished to consum-ers or other end users:4.2.1 Minimum and maximum designed heating capacity inkilowatts (BTU/hr),4.2.2 Firing interval (hours),4.2.3 Minimum
