1、Designation: E2831/E2831M 11Standard Guide forDeployment of Blast Resistant Trash Receptacles inCrowded Places1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2831/E2831M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide identifies the key factors that should beconsidered prior to the deployment of blast resistant trashr
3、eceptacles (BRTRs) in crowded places.1.1.1 Guidance is included for their deployment at interiorand exterior locations associated with the crowded places.1.2 Facilities and venues where blast resistant trash recep-tacles may be deployed include, but are not limited to:1.2.1 Airports,1.2.2 Banks and
4、other financial institutions,1.2.3 Bars and nightclubs,1.2.4 Convention centers,1.2.5 Entertainment and event centers,1.2.6 Hotels,1.2.7 Health care locations,1.2.8 Museums,1.2.9 Places of worship,1.2.10 Public government locations including fire and po-lice stations,1.2.11 Railway stations, bus sta
5、tions, and related transitareas,1.2.12 Restaurants,1.2.13 Retail centers and malls,1.2.14 Schools, universities, and related areas used foreducation,1.2.15 Stadiums and arenas, and1.2.16 Theaters.1.3 Guidance on conducting a threat assessment or vulner-ability analysis, and on responding to incident
6、s associated withthe deployment of blast resistant trash receptacles is beyond thescope of this document.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system sh
7、all be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
8、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of Plas-tics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD790 Tes
9、t Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingE2740 Specification for Trash Receptacles Subjected toBlast Resistance Testing2.2 Government Standards:DoD 4145.26 M Department o
10、f Defense: DOD ContractorsSafety Manual for Ammunition and Explosives3DoD 6055.9 STD Department of Defense: DOD Ammuni-tion and Explosives Safety Standards42.3 Association Standard:APTA SS-SIS-RP-001-08 Recommended Practice forTrash/Recycling Container Placement to Mitigate theEffects of an Explosiv
11、e Event53. Terminology3.1 For terminology generally associated with explosives,refer to the glossaries given in DoD 4145.26 M and DoD6055.9 STD.3.1.1 Some of the definitions in this standard (3.2) areeither adopted as exact copies, or are adapted, from DoD4145.26 M. Where adapted, changes to the DoD
12、 definitions1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on HomelandSecurity Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.08 onOperational Equipment.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. DOI: 10.1520/E2831_E2831M-11.2For referenced ASTM sta
13、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Defense Technical Information Center, 8725 John J.Kingman Road, S
14、uite 0944, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060 6128.4Available from the worldwide web at: http:/www.ddesb.pentagon.mil/DoD6055.9-STD%205%20Oct%202004.pdf.5Available from the American Public Transportation Association, 1666 K Street,NW, Washington, DC, 20006-1215.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.were made only to clarify the meaning or to incorporate relatedterms that also are defined in this terminology section.3.1.2 The DoD source is identified at the right marginfollowing the definition. In addition, in cases where definitio
16、nshave been re-printed from standards developed by technicalcommittees other than E54, the ASTM source is also identifiedat the right margin following the definition.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 explosion, nchemical reaction of any chemical com-pound (or mechanical mixture) that, when initiated, undergoesa
17、 very rapid combustion or decomposition releasing largevolumes of highly heated gases that exert pressure on thesurrounding medium.3.2.2 explosive, nany chemical compound (or mechanicalmixture) that, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detona-tion, or other suitable initiation, undergoes a ver
18、y rapidchemical change with the evolution of large volumes of highlyheated gases that exert pressures in the surrounding medium.DoD 4145.26 M3.2.3 fireball, na highly luminous, intensely hot cloud ofdust, gas, or vapor, or a combination thereof, generated by anexplosion.3.2.4 fragment, nsolid materi
19、al propelled from an explo-sion as a result of fragmentation.3.2.4.1 primary fragment, nfragment produced from theexplosive device itself.3.2.4.2 secondary fragment, nfragment produced fromthe container or environment where the container is placed; apiece of receptacle broken off as a result of the
20、charge beingdetonated inside of it.3.2.5 fragmentation, nbreaking up of the confining mate-rial of a chemical compound (or mechanical mixture) when anexplosion takes place. D8823.2.6 overpressure, npressure, exceeding the ambientpressure, manifested in the shock wave of an explosion.DoD 4145.26 M3.2
21、.7 rigid plastic, nfor purposes of general classification,a plastic that has a modulus of elasticity, either in flexure or intension, greater than 700 MPa 100 000 lbf/in2 at 23C 73 Fand 50 % relative humidity when tested in accordance withTest Method D747, Test Methods D790, Test Method D638,orTest
22、Methods D882. D8823.2.8 trash receptacle, npublic or commercial use refusebin that holds discarded items until collected.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe capacity of a trash receptaclespecified according to this standard is typically less than 200 L50 gal.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.
23、1 blast resistance, nthe non-numerical attribute of atrash receptacle that is established when the results of explo-sive testing of the submitted specimens meet all performancerequirements given in Specification E2740.3.3.2 blast resistant trash receptacle, na trash receptaclethat conforms to the re
24、quirements given in SpecificationE2740.3.3.3 crowded places, npublic areas where groups ofpeople may concentrate for a continuous or limited period oftime.3.3.3.1 DiscussionExamples of public areas that may becrowded include:(1) buildings and related structures such as parking ga-rages, including th
25、eir access and egress points,(2) entertainment and event venues,(3) transportation terminals such as airports, train stations,and other public transportation stations,(4) ticket counters, concession stands, retail stores, anddining establishments, and(5) pedestrian walkways, sidewalks, streets, alle
26、ys, parks,plazas, playgrounds, schoolyards or other similar areas.3.3.4 force protection, nnumerical level of blast resis-tance of a trash receptacle expressed in the mass equivalent oftrinitrotoluene (TNT) explosive.3.3.5 public area, na space or place that is open andaccessible to all people, rega
27、rdless of whether it is publicly orprivately owned.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide takes into account two major factors, opera-tional and explosive effects considerations, that need to beconsidered when deploying blast resistant trash receptacles.4.2 The guide provides a list of factors to be cons
28、idered indeveloping a threat assessment evaluating the basis of thedeployment. For purposes of this standard, a major reason forconducting the threat assessment is to estimate the forceprotections required of the blast resistant trash receptaclesbeing considered for deployment throughout the facilit
29、y orvenue.4.3 Guidance for deployment is given in the form ofdirectives indicating where it is recommended or not recom-mended for generally placing the blast resistant trash recep-tacles at both exterior and interior locations of the facility orvenue. This guidance addresses both operational consid
30、er-ations and explosive effects considerations.4.3.1 Operational considerations pertain to those factors thatimpact the use of blast resistant trash receptacles with regard tothe collection and removal of trash from the facility or venueand factors relevant to bomb squads in the investigation andneu
31、tralization of a suspicious package.4.3.2 Explosive effects considerations pertain to those fac-tors that contribute to mitigating the effects of an explosionoccurring as a result of an explosive device placed in thereceptacle.5. Significance and Use5.1 This standard is intended to provide guidance
32、on thedeployment of blast resistant trash receptacles that focuses onthe mitigation of human injury. It is not in general intended toprovide guidance on the protection of structures in the vicinityof where the blast resistant trash receptacles are deployed.5.2 The importance of a strategy and proced
33、ures for thedeployment of blast resistant trash receptacles in crowdedplaces cannot be overly emphasized. Trash receptacles incrowded places have been, and continue to be, an attractiverepository for explosives. The selection of deployment loca-tions impacts both the mitigation of the effects of an
34、explosionoccurring within one as well as the convenience of using thereceptacles.E2831/E2831M 1125.3 Two major effects resulting from an explosion in a trashreceptacle are the production of primary and secondary frag-ments as well as overpressure from the detonation. Therecommendations in this guide
35、 are intended to mitigate thedamaging effects of fragmentation and overpressure incrowded places.5.4 Another effect resulting from an explosion in a trashreceptacle is the fireball. This effect may cause burns to peoplecaught within or near to the fireball. Also, it is possible that theheat output f
36、rom an explosion may cause nearby combustiblematerial to ignite. It is important, therefore, that blast resistanttrash receptacles are not placed near combustible materials.5.5 The deployment of blast resistant trash receptaclesprovides a means for decreasing injury and lethality during anexplosive
37、event no matter their location when compared to theprotection afforded by ordinary trash receptacles or clearplastic bags. Fragments resulting from explosions create thegreatest danger to people as fragments may travel severalhundred meters and still have velocities that could be lethal orinjurious.
38、 Blast resistant trash receptacles that meet the require-ments of Specification E2740 when subjected to internalexplosions equal to or less than the force protection ratingcontain horizontal primary fragments and do not producesecondary fragments.5.6 This guide provides general provisions for the de
39、ploy-ment of blast resistant trash receptacles. Every facility or venuehas unique features associated with factors such as demograph-ics, location, and functions. Operational and explosive effectsconsiderations (see Section 7) provide basic recommendationsthat may be sufficient for many facilities b
40、uildings and venues,but may not be specifically applicable to others. For example,special security concerns at high value facilities or highpedestrian count venues will require guidance concerning thedeployment of blast resistant trash receptacles from securitypersonnel familiar with that facility.5
41、.7 The guide is intended for use by individuals in both theprivate and public sectors who are considering the purchaseand deployment of blast resistance trash receptacles.6. Threat Assessment Considerations6.1 Facilities and venues that do not have a security threatassessment should develop one when
42、 considering the deploy-ment of blast resistance trash receptacles.6.2 Facility and Venue Threat Assessment ConsiderationsThe facility and venue threat assessment provides the forceprotections desired at various deployment locations. The threatassessment should include a site survey of the facility
43、or venue.The survey team should include all stakeholders of the facility,security personnel, and the first responder community thatwould come to the facility for emergencies. This site surveyshould consider, at a minimum, the following:6.2.1 Crowded places.6.2.2 Access and egress points for pedestri
44、ans.6.2.3 Pedestrian bottlenecks.6.2.4 Walkways and related areas.6.2.5 Security checkpoints.6.2.6 Locations of critical structural elements such as col-umns, beams, and load-bearing walls.6.2.7 Locations where combustible, flammable, and toxicmaterials are located.6.2.8 Enclosed spaces such as alco
45、ves and passageways.6.2.9 Exterior of the facility or venue.6.2.10 Parking areas and parking structures.6.2.11 LandscapingLandscaping is important because itcan provide locations for possible concealment of explosives.6.2.12 Materials used in, and methods of, construction forcomponents such as walls
46、, ceilings, floors, platforms, stair-ways.6.2.13 Ceiling heights.6.2.14 Doors, Windows and SkylightsLocation, type ofstructural surroundings and glazing component composed ofglass or rigid plastic.6.2.15 Locations of utilities such as HVAC, electrical,communications, gas lines, fire life-safety syst
47、ems and steamlines.6.2.16 Existing security assets such as security staff deploy-ment, closed-circuit TVs, gates, intruder deterrents.6.2.17 Secure public areas where screening occurs beforeentry.6.2.18 Building areas not accessible to the public.6.2.19 Operational considerations of first responders
48、.7. Guidelines for Deployment-Considerations Applicableto All Facilities and Venues7.1 General ConsiderationsThis guide delineates factorsthat should be recognized in the deployment of blast resistanttrash receptacles into two categories: operational consider-ations and explosive effects considerati
49、ons. Explosive effectsconsiderations are further subdivided into two additional cat-egories: considerations for deployment at exterior locationsand consideration for deployment at interior locations.7.2 Operational Considerations:7.2.1 Blast resistant trash receptacles should be deployedsuch that trash may be regularly collected.7.2.2 Blast resistant trash receptacles should be placed inpositions where they can be viewed and accessed by the public.If the blast resistant trash receptacles are not convenientlylocated, operational considerations are defeate
