1、Designation: E2889 12Standard Practice forControl of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal FluidEnvironment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines to control respiratoryhazards in the metal removal environment.1.2 This practice do
3、es not include prevention of dermatitiswhich is the subject of Practice E2693 but it does adopt asimilar systems management approach with many controlelements in common.1.3 This practice focuses on employee exposure via inhala-tion of metal removal fluids and associated airborne agents.1.4 Metal rem
4、oval fluids used for wet machining operations(such as cutting, drilling, milling or grinding) that removemetal to produce the finished part are a subset of metalworkingfluids. This practice does not apply to other operations (such asstamping, rolling, forging or casting) that use metalworkingfluids
5、other than metal removal fluids. These other types ofmetalworking fluid operations are not included in this docu-ment because of limited information on health effects, includ-ing epidemiology studies, and on control technologies.Nonetheless, some of the exposure control approaches andguidance contai
6、ned in this document may be useful formanaging respiratory hazards associated with other types ofmetalworking fluids.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priat
7、e safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2881 Classification for Metal Working Fluids and RelatedMaterialsD7049 Test Method for Me
8、tal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker andWorkplace ProtectionE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Flu
9、idsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Rel
10、ated to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formanceE2523 Terminology for M
11、etalworking Fluids and Opera-tionsE2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-TuberculosisMycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by PlateCount MethodE2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria inMetalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting(DMC) MethodE2657 Test Method for Determination
12、 of Endotoxin Con-centrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos-phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids1This test method is under the jurisdiction of AST
13、M Committee E34 onOccupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. DOI:10.1520/E2889-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
14、 www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.
15、2 OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administra-tion) Standards:329 CFR 1910.132 Personal Protective Equipment29 CFR 1910.134 Use of Respiratory Protection in theWorkplace29 CFR 1010.1020 Access to Employee Exposure andMedical Records29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communic
16、ation2.3 EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) Standards:440 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices2.4 Other Documents:ANSI Technical Report B11 TR 2-1997, Mist Control Con-siderations for the Design, Installation and Use of Ma-chine Tools Using Metalworking Fluids5Metal Working
17、Fluid Optimization Guide, National Centerfor Manufacturing Sciences6Metal Removal Fluids, A Guide To Their Management andControl, Organization Resources Counselors, Inc.7Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice8Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworki
18、ng Fluids9Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual10Method 0500: Particulates Not Otherwise Regulated, Total113. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this guide, refer toTerminologies D1356, E1542 and E2523.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 d
19、ilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply andexhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, thedilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air for thepurpose of controlling potential health hazards, fire and explo-sion conditions, odors, and nuisance type contaminants, fromIndus
20、trial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.3.2.2 extractable mass, nthe material removed by liquidextraction of the sampling filter using a mixed-polarity solventmixture as described in Method D7049.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThis mass is an approximation of themetal removal fluid portion of the wor
21、kplace aerosol.3.2.3 metal removal fluid (MRF), nany fluid in the sub-class of metalworking fluids used to cut, or otherwise takeaway material or piece of stock. E21483.2.3.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids include straight orneat oils (D2881), not intended for further dilution with water,and water m
22、iscible soluble oils, semisynthetics and synthetics,which are intended to be diluted with water before use. Metalremoval fluids become contaminated during use in the work-place with a variety of workplace substances including, but notlimited to, abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metalf
23、ines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts,bacteria, fungi, microbiological decay products, and waste.These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricity andcooling ability of the metal removal fluid as well as have thepotential to adversely affect the health and welfare of employ-ees
24、 in contact with the contaminated metal removal fluid.E21483.2.4 metal removal fluid aerosol, naerosol generated byoperation of the machine tool itself as well as from circulationand filtration systems associated with wet metal removaloperations and may include airborne contaminants of microbialorig
25、in.3.2.4.1 DiscussionMetal removal aerosol does not includebackground aerosol in the workplace atmosphere, which mayinclude suspended insoluble particulates.3.2.5 total particulate matter, nthe mass of materialsampled through the 4-mm inlet of a standard 37-mm filtercassette when operated at 2.0 L/m
26、in, as described in MethodD7049.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAs defined in Method D7049, totalparticulate matter is not a measure of the inhalable or thoracicparticulate mass.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 GHS, nglobally harmonized system3.3.1.1 DiscussionGHS is an acronym for the GloballyHarmonized System of Classificati
27、on and Labeling of Chemi-cals.4. Significance and Use4.1 Exposure to aerosols in the industrial metal removalenvironment has been associated with adverse respiratoryeffects.4.2 Use of this practice will mitigate occupational exposureand effects of exposure to aerosols in the metal removalenvironment
28、.4.3 Through implementation of this practice users should beable to reduce instances and severity of respiratory irritationand disease through the effective use of a metal removal fluidmanagement program, appropriate product selection, appropri-ate machine tool design, proper air handling mechanisms
29、, andcontrol of microorganisms.3Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.4Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.5Available from Association for Manufacturing Technology,
30、 7901 WestparkDrive, McLean VA 22102.6Available from National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Report 0274RE95,3025 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, MI 48018.7Available from Organization Resources Counselors, 1910 Sunderland Place,NW., Washington, DC 20036 or from members of the Metal Working Fluid ProductSt
31、ewardship Group (MWFPSGSM). Contact Independent Lubricant ManufacturersAssociation, 651 S. Washington Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, for a list of membersof the MWFPSGSM.8Available from American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240-1634.9Avai
32、lable from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.10Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washin
33、gton, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html11Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226
34、or at. http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2003-154/pdfs/0500.pdfE2889 1225. Respiratory Health Hazards Associated with MetalRemoval Fluids5.1 General:5.1.1 Metal removal fluids (MRF) can cause adverse healtheffects through skin contact with contaminated materials,spray, or mist and through inhalation from
35、 breathing MWFmist or aerosol.5.1.2 Skin and airborne exposures to MRF have beenimplicated in health problems including irritation of the skin,lungs, eyes, nose and throat. Conditions such as dermatitis,acne, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, irritation of theupper respiratory tract, and a varie
36、ty of cancers have beenassociated with exposure to MRF (NIOSH 1998a). The sever-ity of health problems is dependent on a variety of factors suchas the kind of fluid, the degree and type of contamination, andthe level and duration of the exposure.5.2 Skin Disorders:5.2.1 Skin contact occurs when the
37、worker dips his/herhands into the fluid or handles parts, tools, and equipmentcovered with fluid without the use of personal protectiveequipment, such as gloves and aprons. Skin contact may alsoresult from fluid splashing onto the employee from the machineif guarding is absent or inadequate. For fur
38、ther informationrefer to E2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid Environment.5.3 Respiratory Diseases:5.3.1 Inhalation of MRF mist or aerosol may cause irritationof the lungs, throat, and nose. In general, respiratory irritationinvolves some type of chemical interac
39、tion between the MRFand the human respiratory system. Irritation may affect one ormore the following areas: nose, throat (pharynx, larynx), thevarious conducting airways or tubes of the lungs (trachea,bronchi, bronchioles), and the lung air sacks (alveoli) wherethe air passes from the lungs into the
40、 body. Exposure to MRFmist or aerosol may also aggravate the effects of existing lungdisease.5.3.2 Some of the symptoms reported include sore throat,red, watery, itchy eyes, runny nose, nosebleeds, cough,wheezing, increased phlegm production, shortness of breath,and other cold like symptoms. These s
41、ymptoms may indicate avariety of respiratory conditions, including acute airwayirritation, asthma (reversible airway obstruction), chronicbronchitis, chronically impaired lung function, and hypersen-sitivity pneumonitis (HP). When symptoms of respiratoryirritation occur, in many cases it is unclear
42、whether the diseasewas caused by specific fluid components, contamination of thein-use fluid, products of microbial growth or degradation, or acombination of factors.5.3.3 Exposure to MRF has been associated with asthma. Inasthma, airways of the lung become inflamed, causing areduction of the flow o
43、f air into and out of the lungs. During anasthmatic attack, the airways become swollen, go into spasmsand fill with mucous, reducing airflow and producing shortnessof breath and a wheezing sound. A variety of components,additives, and contaminants of MRF can induce new-onsetasthma, aggravate pre-exi
44、sting asthma, and irritate the airwaysof non-asthmatic employees.5.3.4 Chronic bronchitis is a condition involving inflamma-tion of the main airways of the lungs that occurs over a longperiod of time. Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a chroniccough and by coughing up phlegm. The phlegm can int
45、erferewith air passage into and out of the lungs. This condition mayalso cause accelerated decline in lung function, which canultimately result in heart and lung function damage.5.3.5 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a serious lungdisease. Recent outbreaks of HP have been associated withexposure
46、 to aerosols of synthetic, semi-synthetic, and solubleoil MRF. In particular, contaminants and additives in MRFhave been associated with outbreaks of HP (NIOSH 1998a). Inthe short term, HP is characterized by coughing, shortness ofbreath, and flu-like symptoms (fevers, chills, muscle aches, andfatig
47、ue). The chronic phase (following repeated exposures) ischaracterized by lung scarring associated with permanent lungdisease.5.3.6 Other factors, such as smoking, increase the possibil-ity of respiratory diseases. Cigarette smoke may worsen therespiratory effects of MRF aerosols for all employees.5.
48、3.7 Respiratory effects have been observed among work-ers with exposures below 1.0 mg/M3to diverse fluids,12withwater reduced fluids generally appearing more potent. Poorlycontrolled fluids have generally been more likely to be asso-ciated with adverse effects.5.4 Cancer:5.4.1 A number of studies ha
49、ve found an association be-tween working with MRF and a variety of cancers, includingcancer of the rectum, pancreas, larynx, skin, scrotum, andbladder (NIOSH 1998a). No authoritative review of studies ofworkers exposed to MRF has been conducted since 1999,although additional data have been published. Studies of MRFand cancer reflect the health experiences of workers exposeddecades earlier. This is because the effects of cancers associ-ated with MRF may not become evident until many years afterthe exposure. Airborne concentrations of MWF were known tobe much higher in the
