1、Designation: E2893 13Standard Guide forGreener Cleanups1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2893; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the yea
2、r of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Cleaning up sites improves environmental and publichealth conditions and as such can be viewed as “green.”However, cleanup activities use energy, water, and naturalresources.
3、 The process of cleanup therefore creates its ownenvironmental footprint. This guide describes a process forevaluating and implementing activities to reduce the environ-mental footprint of a cleanup project in the United States whileworking within the applicable regulatory framework and sat-isfying
4、all applicable legal requirements.1.2 This guide may also be used as a framework for sitesthat are not located in the United States; however, the specificlegal references are not applicable.1.3 This guide describes a process for identifying,evaluating, and incorporating best management practices(BMP
5、s) and, when deemed appropriate, for integrating aquantitative evaluation into a cleanup to reduce its environ-mental footprint.1.4 This guide is designed to be implemented in conjunctionwith any cleanup process and should be used with othertechnical tools, guidance, policy, laws, and regulations to
6、integrate greener cleanup practices, processes, and technolo-gies into cleanup projects.1.5 This guide provides a process for evaluating and imple-menting activities to reduce the environmental footprint of acleanup and is not designed to instruct users on how to cleanup contaminated sites.1.6 ASTM
7、also has a guide on Integrating SustainableObjectives into Cleanups (E2876). That guide provides a broadframework for integrating elements of environmental,economic, and social aspects into cleanups. This guide mayprovide assistance with implementing E2876 and other sustain-able remediation guidance
8、, such as Holland, et al. (2011)(1).1.7 This guide specifically applies to the cleanup, not theredevelopment, of a site. However, the reasonably anticipateduse of a site, if known, may influence the cleanup goals andscope.1.8 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid,minimize, or del
9、ay implementation of specific cleanup activi-ties. Nor should this guide be used as a justification forselecting cleanup activities that compromise stakeholder inter-ests or goals for the site.1.9 This guide does not supersede federal, state, or localregulations relating to protection of human healt
10、h and theenvironment. No action taken in connection with implementingthis guide should generate unacceptable risks to human healthor the environment.1.10 This guide may be integrated into complementarystandards, site-specific regulatory documents, guidelines, orcontractual agreements relating to sus
11、tainable or greener clean-ups.1.10.1 If the cleanup is governed by a regulatory program,the user should discuss with the regulator responsible for siteoversight how this guide could be incorporated into thecleanup and whether the regulator deems it appropriate for theuser to report the process and r
12、esults to the regulatory program.1.10.2 The contractual relationship or legal obligationsexisting between and among the parties associated with a siteor site cleanup are beyond the scope of this guide.1.11 This guide is composed of the following sections:Referenced Documents (Section 2); Terminology
13、 (Section 3);Significance and Use (Section 4); Planning and Scoping(Section 5); BMP Process (Section 6); Quantitative Evaluation(Section 7); Documentation and Reporting (Section 8); andKeywords (Section 9).1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
14、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnviron
15、mental Site Assessment Process1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. D
16、OI:10.1520/E2893-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
17、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutional and Engineering ControlsE2876 Guide for Integrating Sustainable Objectives intoCleanup2.2 USEPA Documents:3USEPA, Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and
18、 Practice,EPA/600/R-06/060 (May 2006)USEPA, Green Remediation: Best Management Practicesfor Excavation and Surface Restoration, EPA 542-F-08-012 (December 2008)USEPA, Principles for Greener Cleanups (August 2009a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Pump and Treat Technologies, EPA 5
19、42-F-09-005(December 2009b)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Site Investigation, EPA 542-F-09-004 (December2009c)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Bioremediation, EPA 542-F-10-006 (March 2010a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Soil Vapor Extra
20、ction Sampling and Analysis; Materials; Vehicles and Equip-ment; Site Preparations/Land Restoration; Buildings; Powerand Fuel; Surface Water and Storm Water; Residual Solid andLiquid Waste; and Wastewater.3.1.4 BMP processa systematic protocol to identify,prioritize, select, implement, and report on
21、 the use of BMPs toreduce the environmental footprint of cleanup activities.3.1.5 cleanupthe range of activities that may occur toaddress releases of contaminants at a site from the initiation ofsite assessment activities to achievement of no further cleanup.The environmental remediation industry al
22、so refers to cleanupas remediation or corrective action.3.1.6 cleanup phasethe segments of a cleanup project thattake place from the initiation of site assessment to achievementof no further cleanup. This guide divides a cleanup project intothe following five segments: site assessment; remedy select
23、ion;remedy design/implementation; operation, maintenance, andmonitoring; and remedy optimization. This terminology isgenerally consistent with standard industry terminology, butdoes not conform to every environmental cleanup program.3.1.7 CERCLAthe Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation,
24、and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601et seq., as amended, the primary federal statute that governs theimposition of liability for environmental cleanups. CERCLA iscommonly referred to as Superfund.3.1.8 contaminanta hazardous substance, petroleumproduct, or other chemical that may pose a threat to human
25、health or the environment when present in environmentalmedia.3.1.9 core elementsfor purposes of this guide, five factorsrepresenting key areas for potentially reducing the environmen-tal footprint of a site cleanup. These factors are: minimize totalenergy use and maximize use of renewable energy; mi
26、nimizeair pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions; minimize wateruse and impacts to water resources; reduce, reuse, and recyclematerials and waste; and protect land and ecosystems.3.1.10 disturbance of vegetationremoval, cutting, or al-teration of plants, bushes, or canopy trees, particularly thoset
27、hat are mature, non-invasive, native species that provide foodsources, micro-climates, nesting areas, or refuge supportingindigenous flora and fauna.3.1.11 emissionsthe discharge of a contaminant to air.However, in the context of life cycle assessment (LCA) andfootprint analysis, this term refers to
28、 discharges to air, water,3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Federal Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC20004, http:/www.epa.gov.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, C
29、P 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E2893 132and soil, including site contaminants as well as discharges nottypically considered contaminants in site cleanup such aswater, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.3.1.12 environmental footprinta qualitative or quantitativeestimate
30、of various environmental contributions of a cleanupphase or activity to the core elements. A quantitative environ-mental footprint may be obtained through either a footprintanalysis or LCA. Appendix X4 provides further clarification onthe use of footprint analysis or LCA.3.1.13 environmental lawany
31、federal, state, or localstatute, regulation, or ordinance relating to: the protection ofthe environment; pollution, investigation, or restoration of theenvironment or natural resources; or the handling,management, use, presence, transportation, processing,disposal, release, or threatened release of
32、any contaminant.The term environmental law in the United States includes, butis not limited to, CERCLA, RCRA, and TSCA.3.1.14 final cleanup goalsthe objectives established toaddress contaminants at a site by a regulatory agency orthrough a voluntary cleanup program that, when met, protecthuman healt
33、h and the environment. Users should review theapplicable regulatory program for more information on estab-lishing final cleanup goals at a particular site.3.1.15 footprint analysisa quantitative estimate of anenvironmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity. Theanalysis entails the compilatio
34、n of inputs and outputs toestimate potential contributions (that is, emissions or resourceuse) to the core elements.Afootprint analysis may include rawmaterial acquisition, materials manufacturing, and transporta-tion related to the cleanup, in addition to onsite construction,implementation, monitor
35、ing, and decommissioning. Resultsfrom a footprint analysis are typically reported as emissions(for example, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide equivalents, ortotal hazardous air pollutants) or resource use (for example,water, energy, or materials use) organized in terms of the fivecore elements.3.1.15.
36、1 Discussionthere are two fundamental differencesbetween footprint analysis and LCA: (1) an LCA typicallyconsiders the full life cycle of the components of a cleanupphase or activity. In contrast, a footprint analysis may considerthe full life cycle of the components of a cleanup phase oractivity, b
37、ut more commonly selects abbreviated boundaries;and (2) results from an LCA are described in terms of humanhealth and environmental impacts whereas the results from afootprint analysis are reported in terms of quantities ofemissions and resource use, without taking the next step toevaluate the human
38、 health and environmental impacts fromthose emissions and resource use.3.1.16 greener cleanupthe incorporation of practices,processes, and technologies into cleanup activities with thegoal of reducing impacts to the environment through reduceddemands on natural resources and decreased emissions to t
39、heenvironment. A greener cleanup considers the five coreelements, while protecting human health and the environment.In the environmental remediation industry, this term is usedinterchangeably with green cleanup, green remediation, andgreener remediation.3.1.17 greenhouse gasesvaporous constituents o
40、f theearths atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorband emit radiation at specific wavelengths, including carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.3.1.17.1 DiscussionCarbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide have been the main
41、 focus of greenhouse gas emissionevaluations within the environmental remediation industry.3.1.18 guidea compendium of information or series ofoptions that does not recommend a specific course of action. Aguide increases the awareness of information and approachesin a given subject area.3.1.19 habit
42、atthe physical and natural environment, in-cluding niche environments (micro-habitats) that support localindigenous species and related supporting vegetation, foodsources, areas for nesting and refuge, soils, and hydrology; andlarger environmental features (macro-habitats), such as a bankon a waterw
43、ay or vegetated, open, wildlife corridors forforaging and natural migration. Areas of habitat may be usedtemporarily by species and timing of a disturbance mayminimize impact.3.1.20 hazardous substancea substance defined as a haz-ardous substance pursuant to CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9601(14),as interpreted
44、 by EPA regulations.3.1.21 impact categoryan LCA term representing a com-pilation of different emissions or other metrics, such asresource use, that contribute to a specific environmental orhealth effect. Examples of impact categories are globalwarming, aquatic acidification, smog formation, and res
45、pira-tory effects. Some emissions and resource use contribute tomore than one impact category.3.1.22 lead environmental professionalfor the purposes ofthis guide, a person possessing sufficient education, training,and experience to: (1) meet the requirements set forth inPractice E1527 Standard Pract
46、ice for Environmental SiteAssessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process(2) exercise professional judgment regarding the evaluationand implementation of BMPs for the cleanup phases beingaddressed by this guide, and, if applicable, (3) exerciseprofessional judgment in conducting footprint
47、 analyses orLCAs. The person may be the user, an independent contractor,or an employee of the user.3.1.23 life cycle assessment (LCA)a quantitative estimateof an environmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity.The assessment entails the compilation and evaluation ofinputs and outputs to esti
48、mate the potential human health andenvironmental impacts from a cleanup phase or activity, fromraw material acquisition, materials manufacturing andtransportation, to onsite construction, implementation,monitoring, and decommissioning. Results from an LCA arereported in impact categories, which can
49、be mapped to the fivecore elements. For a description of the differences betweenLCA and footprint analysis, see the discussion following3.1.15, footprint analysis and Appendix X4.3.1.24 LUST programthe Leaking Underground StorageTank Program under RCRA that gives EPA and states, undercooperative agreements with EPA, authority to clean upE2893 133releases from regulated underground storage tank systems orrequire owners and operators to do so (42 U.S.C. 6991b).EPAs federal underground storage tank regulations requirethat contaminated LUST sites be clea
