1、Designation: E2893 131Standard Guide forGreener Cleanups1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2893; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the ye
2、ar of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTE8.3.2 and Table X3.1 were editorially corrected and references to adjuncts (2.4) added in June 2014.1. Scope1.1 Cleaning up sites improves environmental and publichealth conditions
3、 and as such can be viewed as “green.”However, cleanup activities use energy, water, and naturalresources. The process of cleanup therefore creates its ownenvironmental footprint. This guide describes a process forevaluating and implementing activities to reduce the environ-mental footprint of a cle
4、anup project in the United States whileworking within the applicable regulatory framework and sat-isfying all applicable legal requirements.1.2 This guide may also be used as a framework for sitesthat are not located in the United States; however, the specificlegal references are not applicable.1.3
5、This guide describes a process for identifying,evaluating, and incorporating best management practices(BMPs) and, when deemed appropriate, for integrating aquantitative evaluation into a cleanup to reduce its environ-mental footprint.1.4 This guide is designed to be implemented in conjunctionwith an
6、y cleanup process and should be used with othertechnical tools, guidance, policy, laws, and regulations tointegrate greener cleanup practices, processes, and technolo-gies into cleanup projects.1.5 This guide provides a process for evaluating and imple-menting activities to reduce the environmental
7、footprint of acleanup and is not designed to instruct users on how to cleanup contaminated sites.1.6 ASTM also has a guide on Integrating SustainableObjectives into Cleanups (E2876). That guide provides a broadframework for integrating elements of environmental,economic, and social aspects into clea
8、nups. This guide mayprovide assistance with implementing E2876 and other sustain-able remediation guidance, such as Holland, et al. (2011)(1).1.7 This guide specifically applies to the cleanup, not theredevelopment, of a site. However, the reasonably anticipateduse of a site, if known, may influence
9、 the cleanup goals andscope.1.8 This guide should not be used as a justification to avoid,minimize, or delay implementation of specific cleanup activi-ties. Nor should this guide be used as a justification forselecting cleanup activities that compromise stakeholder inter-ests or goals for the site.1
10、.9 This guide does not supersede federal, state, or localregulations relating to protection of human health and theenvironment. No action taken in connection with implementingthis guide should generate unacceptable risks to human healthor the environment.1.10 This guide may be integrated into comple
11、mentarystandards, site-specific regulatory documents, guidelines, orcontractual agreements relating to sustainable or greener clean-ups.1.10.1 If the cleanup is governed by a regulatory program,the user should discuss with the regulator responsible for siteoversight how this guide could be incorpora
12、ted into thecleanup and whether the regulator deems it appropriate for theuser to report the process and results to the regulatory program.1.10.2 The contractual relationship or legal obligationsexisting between and among the parties associated with a siteor site cleanup are beyond the scope of this
13、 guide.1.11 This guide is composed of the following sections:Referenced Documents (Section 2); Terminology (Section 3);Significance and Use (Section 4); Planning and Scoping(Section 5); BMP Process (Section 6); Quantitative Evaluation(Section 7); Documentation and Reporting (Section 8); andKeywords
14、(Section 9).1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommitt
15、ee E50.04 on Corrective Action.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2013. Published November 2013. DOI:10.1520/E2893-13E01.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pr
16、iate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1E1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnvironmental Site Assessment ProcessE2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,Including Institutiona
17、l and Engineering ControlsE2876 Guide for Integrating Sustainable Objectives intoCleanup2.2 USEPA Documents:3USEPA, Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice,EPA/600/R-06/060 (May 2006)USEPA, Green Remediation: Best Management Practicesfor Excavation and Surface Restoration, EPA 542-F-08-012 (D
18、ecember 2008)USEPA, Principles for Greener Cleanups (August 2009a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Pump and Treat Technologies, EPA 542-F-09-005(December 2009b)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Site Investigation, EPA 542-F-09-004 (December2009c)USEPA, Green Re
19、mediation Best Management Prac-tices: Bioremediation, EPA 542-F-10-006 (March 2010a)USEPA, Green Remediation Best Management Prac-tices: Soil Vapor Extraction Sampling and Analysis; Materials; Vehicles and Equip-ment; Site Preparations/Land Restoration; Buildings; Powerand Fuel; Surface Water and St
20、orm Water; Residual Solid andLiquid Waste; and Wastewater.3.1.4 BMP processa systematic protocol to identify,prioritize, select, implement, and report on the use of BMPs toreduce the environmental footprint of cleanup activities.3.1.5 cleanupthe range of activities that may occur toaddress releases
21、of contaminants at a site from the initiation ofsite assessment activities to achievement of no further cleanup.The environmental remediation industry also refers to cleanupas remediation or corrective action.3.1.6 cleanup phasethe segments of a cleanup project thattake place from the initiation of
22、site assessment to achievementof no further cleanup. This guide divides a cleanup project intothe following five segments: site assessment; remedy selection;remedy design/implementation; operation, maintenance, andmonitoring; and remedy optimization. This terminology isgenerally consistent with stan
23、dard industry terminology, butdoes not conform to every environmental cleanup program.3.1.7 CERCLAthe Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. 9601et seq., as amended, the primary federal statute that governs theimposition of liability for environmental cleanup
24、s. CERCLA iscommonly referred to as Superfund.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Federal Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC20004, http:/www.epa.gov.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch.
25、 dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.5Writable PDF form available from ASTM International Headquarters. OrderAdjunct No. ADJE289301-E-PDF. Original adjunct produced in 2014.6Excel version of Greener Cleanup BMPs table available from ASTM Interna-tional Headquar
26、ters. Order Adjunct No. ADJE289302-E-PDF. Original adjunctproduced in 2014.E2893 13123.1.8 contaminanta hazardous substance, petroleumproduct, or other chemical that may pose a threat to humanhealth or the environment when present in environmentalmedia.3.1.9 core elementsfor purposes of this guide,
27、five factorsrepresenting key areas for potentially reducing the environmen-tal footprint of a site cleanup. These factors are: minimize totalenergy use and maximize use of renewable energy; minimizeair pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions; minimize wateruse and impacts to water resources; reduce,
28、 reuse, and recyclematerials and waste; and protect land and ecosystems.3.1.10 disturbance of vegetationremoval, cutting, or al-teration of plants, bushes, or canopy trees, particularly thosethat are mature, non-invasive, native species that provide foodsources, micro-climates, nesting areas, or ref
29、uge supportingindigenous flora and fauna.3.1.11 emissionsthe discharge of a contaminant to air.However, in the context of life cycle assessment (LCA) andfootprint analysis, this term refers to discharges to air, water,and soil, including site contaminants as well as discharges nottypically considere
30、d contaminants in site cleanup such aswater, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.3.1.12 environmental footprinta qualitative or quantitativeestimate of various environmental contributions of a cleanupphase or activity to the core elements. A quantitative environ-mental footprint may be obtained
31、through either a footprintanalysis or LCA. Appendix X4 provides further clarification onthe use of footprint analysis or LCA.3.1.13 environmental lawany federal, state, or localstatute, regulation, or ordinance relating to: the protection ofthe environment; pollution, investigation, or restoration o
32、f theenvironment or natural resources; or the handling,management, use, presence, transportation, processing,disposal, release, or threatened release of any contaminant.The term environmental law in the United States includes, butis not limited to, CERCLA, RCRA, and TSCA.3.1.14 final cleanup goalsth
33、e objectives established toaddress contaminants at a site by a regulatory agency orthrough a voluntary cleanup program that, when met, protecthuman health and the environment. Users should review theapplicable regulatory program for more information on estab-lishing final cleanup goals at a particul
34、ar site.3.1.15 footprint analysisa quantitative estimate of anenvironmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity. Theanalysis entails the compilation of inputs and outputs toestimate potential contributions (that is, emissions or resourceuse) to the core elements.Afootprint analysis may include
35、 rawmaterial acquisition, materials manufacturing, and transporta-tion related to the cleanup, in addition to onsite construction,implementation, monitoring, and decommissioning. Resultsfrom a footprint analysis are typically reported as emissions(for example, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide equival
36、ents, ortotal hazardous air pollutants) or resource use (for example,water, energy, or materials use) organized in terms of the fivecore elements.3.1.15.1 Discussionthere are two fundamental differencesbetween footprint analysis and LCA: (1) an LCA typicallyconsiders the full life cycle of the compo
37、nents of a cleanupphase or activity. In contrast, a footprint analysis may considerthe full life cycle of the components of a cleanup phase oractivity, but more commonly selects abbreviated boundaries;and (2) results from an LCA are described in terms of humanhealth and environmental impacts whereas
38、 the results from afootprint analysis are reported in terms of quantities ofemissions and resource use, without taking the next step toevaluate the human health and environmental impacts fromthose emissions and resource use.3.1.16 greener cleanupthe incorporation of practices,processes, and technolo
39、gies into cleanup activities with thegoal of reducing impacts to the environment through reduceddemands on natural resources and decreased emissions to theenvironment. A greener cleanup considers the five coreelements, while protecting human health and the environment.In the environmental remediatio
40、n industry, this term is usedinterchangeably with green cleanup, green remediation, andgreener remediation.3.1.17 greenhouse gasesvaporous constituents of theearths atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorband emit radiation at specific wavelengths, including carbondioxide, methane, ni
41、trous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.3.1.17.1 DiscussionCarbon dioxide, methane, and nitrousoxide have been the main focus of greenhouse gas emissionevaluations within the environmental remediation industry.3.1.18 guidea compendium of information or series ofopti
42、ons that does not recommend a specific course of action. Aguide increases the awareness of information and approachesin a given subject area.3.1.19 habitatthe physical and natural environment, in-cluding niche environments (micro-habitats) that support localindigenous species and related supporting
43、vegetation, foodsources, areas for nesting and refuge, soils, and hydrology; andlarger environmental features (macro-habitats), such as a bankon a waterway or vegetated, open, wildlife corridors forforaging and natural migration. Areas of habitat may be usedtemporarily by species and timing of a dis
44、turbance mayminimize impact.3.1.20 hazardous substancea substance defined as a haz-ardous substance pursuant to CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9601(14),as interpreted by EPA regulations.3.1.21 impact categoryan LCA term representing a com-pilation of different emissions or other metrics, such asresource use, tha
45、t contribute to a specific environmental orhealth effect. Examples of impact categories are globalwarming, aquatic acidification, smog formation, and respira-tory effects. Some emissions and resource use contribute tomore than one impact category.3.1.22 lead environmental professionalfor the purpose
46、s ofthis guide, a person possessing sufficient education, training,and experience to: (1) meet the requirements set forth inPractice E1527 Standard Practice for Environmental SiteAssessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process(2) exercise professional judgment regarding the evaluationand
47、implementation of BMPs for the cleanup phases beingE2893 1313addressed by this guide, and, if applicable, (3) exerciseprofessional judgment in conducting footprint analyses orLCAs. The person may be the user, an independent contractor,or an employee of the user.3.1.23 life cycle assessment (LCA)a qu
48、antitative estimateof an environmental footprint for a cleanup phase or activity.The assessment entails the compilation and evaluation ofinputs and outputs to estimate the potential human health andenvironmental impacts from a cleanup phase or activity, fromraw material acquisition, materials manufa
49、cturing andtransportation, to onsite construction, implementation,monitoring, and decommissioning. Results from an LCA arereported in impact categories, which can be mapped to the fivecore elements. For a description of the differences betweenLCA and footprint analysis, see the discussion following3.1.15, footprint analysis and Appendix X4.3.1.24 LUST programthe Leaking Underground StorageTank Program under RCRA that gives EPA and states, undercooperative agreements with EPA, authority to clean upreleases from regulated underground storage tank syste
