1、Designation: E2910 12 (Reapproved 2018) An American National StandardStandard Guide forPreferred Methods for Acceptance of Product1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes lot or batch and continuoussampling plans using MIL-STD-1916 as a basis. It
3、representsan alternative sampling approach to attributes sampling (MIL-STD-105E, same as Practice E2234), variables sampling (MIL-STD-414, Practice E2762), and continuous sampling (MIL-STD-1235B, Practice E2819).1.2 This guide provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-1916 in ASTM format for use by AST
4、M committees andothers. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-1916 inindustries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text inMIL-STD-1916 is preserved in Sections 46of this guide.The original wording of “Government” in MIL-STD-1916 hasbeen changed to “consumer”, and “contractor” has beench
5、anged to “producer” to make this standard more generic.1.3 PurposeTo encourage producers supplying goods andservices to its consumers to submit efficient and effectiveprocess control (prevention) procedures in place of prescribedsampling requirements. The goal is to support the movementaway from an
6、AQL-based inspection (detection) strategy toimplementation of an effective prevention-based strategy in-cluding a comprehensive quality system, continuous improve-ment and a partnership with the consumer. The underlyingtheme is a partnership between consumer and the producer,with the requisite compe
7、tence of both parties, and a clearmutual benefit from processes capable of consistently highquality products and services. The objective is to create anatmosphere where every noncompliance is an opportunity forcorrective action and improvement rather than one whereacceptable quality levels are the c
8、ontractually sufficient goals.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regul
9、atory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Or
10、ganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE2234 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attri-butes Indexed by AQLE2762 Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Vari-ables Indexed by AQ
11、LE2819 Practice for Single- and Multi-Level ContinuousSampling of a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed byAQL2.2 Other Standards:3MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-spection by AttributesMIL-STD-1235B Single- and Multi-Level Continuous Sam-pling for AttributesMIL-STD-1916 DoD Pre
12、ferred Methods for Acceptance ofProductMIL-STD-414 Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspec-tion by Variables for Percent Defective3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terminology defined in TerminologyE456 applies to this guide except as modified below.3.1.1 critical defect, na defect that judgment an
13、d experi-ence indicate would result in hazardous or unsafe conditionsfor individuals using, maintaining, or depending upon theproduct, or a defect that judgment and experience indicate islikely to prevent performance of the function of a major enditem. E22343.1.2 inspection, nthe process of measurin
14、g, examining,testing, or otherwise comparing the unit of product with therequirements. E22341This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality andStatistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.30 on StatisticalQuality Control.Current edition approved April 1, 201
15、8. Published May 2018. Originallyapproved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E2910 12. DOI:10.1520/E2910-12R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United St
17、atesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to T
18、rade (TBT) Committee.13.1.3 major defect, na defect, other than critical, that islikely to result in failure, or to reduce materially the usabilityof the unit of product for its intended purpose. E22343.1.4 minor defect, na defect that is not likely to reducematerially the usability of the unit of p
19、roduct for its intendedpurpose, or is a departure from established standards havinglittle bearing on the effective use or operation of the unit.E22343.1.5 non-conforming item, nan item containing at leastone non-conformity. E22343.1.6 production interval, na finite period of production,N items in le
20、ngth. E28193.1.6.1 DiscussionIn this guide, the production interval isa period of production under continuous sampling assumed toconsist of essentially homogeneous quality. It is normally ashift; it can be a day if it is reasonably certain that shift changesdo not affect quality of product, but shal
21、l not be longer than aday.3.1.7 screening, n100 % inspection where all defectiveunits are removed from the production flow. E28193.1.7.1 DiscussionThe two terms, screening and 100 %inspection, are used interchangeably in this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acceptan
22、ce, nthe act of an authorized representativeof the consumer by which the consumer, for itself or as a agentof another, assumes ownership of existing identified suppliedtendered or approves specific services rendered as partial orcomplete performance of the contract.3.2.2 contract quality assurance,
23、nthe various functions,including inspection, performed by the consumer to determinewhether a producer has fulfilled the contract obligationspertaining to quality and quantity.3.2.3 contract quality requirements, nthe technical re-quirements in the contract relating to the quality of the productor se
24、rvice and those contract clauses prescribing inspection,and other quality controls incumbent on the producer, to assurethat the product or service conforms to the contractual require-ments.3.2.4 critical characteristic, nsee critical defect.3.2.5 critical nonconforming unit, na unit of product thatf
25、ails to conform to specified requirements for one of morecritical characteristics.3.2.6 major characteristic, nsee major defect.3.2.7 major nonconforming unit, na unit of product thatfails to conform to specified requirements for one or moremajor characteristics, but conforms to all critical charact
26、eris-tics.3.2.8 minor characteristic, nsee minor defect.3.2.9 minor nonconforming unit, na unit of product thatfails to conform to specified requirements of one or more minorcharacteristics, but conforms to all critical and major charac-teristics.3.2.10 nonconformance, na departure from a specifiedr
27、equirement for any characteristic.3.2.11 nonconforming unit, nsee non-conforming item.3.2.12 quality, nthe composite of material attributes in-cluding performance features and characteristics of a productor service to satisfy a given need.3.2.13 quality assurance, na planned and systematic pat-tern
28、of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidencethat adequate technical requirements are established; productsand services conform to established technical requirements;and satisfactory performance is achieved.3.2.14 quality audit, na systematic examination of the actsand decisions with respe
29、ct to quality in order to independentlyverify or evaluate the operational requirements of the qualityprogram or the specification or contract requirements of theproduct or service.3.2.15 quality program, na program which is developed,planned, and managed to carry out cost effectively all efforts toe
30、ffect the quality of materials and services from conceptthrough validation, full-scale development, production,deployment, and disposal.3.2.16 screening inspection, nsee screening.3.2.17 traceability, nthe ability to trace the history, appli-cation or location of an item or activity, or similar item
31、s oractivities, by means of recorded identification.3.2.18 verification level (VL), nprescribes the level ofsignificance or utility of a characteristic to the user.3.2.18.1 DiscussionThe amount of effort to assure confor-mance can be allocated on the basis of importance to the user.(Major characteri
32、stics will require more verification effort thanminor characteristics.) VL-VII requires the highest level ofeffort, and the effort decreases as the VL decreases to thelowest level, VL-I.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Acceptance by Producer-Proposed Provisions:4.1.1 General:4.1.1.1 This standard, when ref
33、erenced in the contract orproduct specifications, requires the producer to perform sam-pling inspection in accordance with paragraph 4.2 and theproduct specification. However, it is recognized that samplinginspection alone does not control or improve quality. Productquality comes from proper product
34、 and process design andprocess control activities. When such activities are effective,sampling inspection is a redundant effort and an unnecessarycost. Producers that have an acceptable quality system andproven process controls on specific processes are encouragedto consider submitting alternate acc
35、eptance methods for one ormore contractually specified characteristics. In addition, pro-ducers that have a successful quality system and a history ofsuccessful process controls relevant to the products/servicesbeing procured in this contract, are encouraged to considersubmitting a systemic alternat
36、e acceptance method for all thecontractual sampling inspection requirements associated withparagraph 4.2.4.1.1.2 Submissions shall describe the alternate acceptancemethods, the sampling inspection provision to be replaced, andan evaluation of the protection provided by the alternatemethods as compar
37、ed with the inspection requirement to beE2910 12 (2018)2replaced. The alternate acceptance method shall include evi-dence of process control and capability during productiontogether with adequate criteria, measurement, and evaluationprocedures to maintain control of the process. The acceptabil-ity o
38、f the alternate acceptance methods is dependent upon theexistence of a quality system, the demonstration of its processfocus, and the availability of objective evidence of effective-ness.4.1.2 Requirements and Procedures:4.1.2.1 Producers currently operating quality systems inaccordance with such mo
39、dels as ISO 9000, ANSI/ASQCQ9004, or others that are deemed satisfactory to the consumerrepresentative are qualified to apply for alternate acceptancemethods if demonstration of process focus and objectiveevidence of effectiveness exists.4.1.2.2 The producer shall include in his request for ap-prova
40、l of an alternate acceptance method an assessment plan toperiodically verify process stability, capability, and other con-ditions under which the alternate acceptance method wasdeveloped. The current minimum values of process capabilityare equivalent to a Cpk of 2.00 for critical characteristics, 1.
41、33for major characteristics, and 1.00 for minor characteristics.Upon approval of the assessment plan, the producer mayreduce or eliminate inspection sampling when the plan criteriaare met or exceeded.4.1.3 Submission and Incorporation:4.1.3.1 SubmissionThere are two ways of submitting al-ternate acc
42、eptance methods:(1) Submission of individual alternate acceptance methodsfor one or more contractually specified sampling inspectionrequirements through the consumer quality assurance represen-tative (QAR) to the procuring contracting officer (PCO) forapproval at any time during the contract period
43、of performance.(2) Submission of a systemic alternate acceptance methodto the PCO prior to contract being awarded. This pre-approvalallows the producer to adopt alternate acceptance methodsthroughout the length of the contract. After contract award,submissions of a systemic alternate acceptance meth
44、od shouldbe made through the administrative contracting officer (ACO)to the PCO.4.1.3.2 IncorporationAll approved alternate acceptancemethods shall be incorporated into the producers manufactur-ing and quality program plans or other vehicles acceptable tothe contracting agency, as applicable.4.1.4 W
45、ithdrawal of Approval of AlternatesThe consumerreserves the right to withdraw approval of alternate acceptancemethods that are determined to provide less assurance ofquality than the inspection requirements originally specified orwhen the inability to maintain process stability and capabilityover ti
46、me becomes apparent.4.2 Acceptance by Tables:4.2.1 Preferred Sampling PlansThis standard establishesthree sets of matched sampling plans for the sampling inspec-tion of product submitted to the consumer for acceptance.These sampling plans provide for inspecting the samples fromlots or batches by att
47、ributes or variables measurement and forcontinuous sampling by attributes measurement. The three setsof matched sampling plans are indexed by seven specifiedverification levels (VL) and five code letters (CL), which aredetermined by the lot or production interval size. The samplingplans are matched
48、between corresponding VL and CL combi-nations to result in essentially similar protection. The producerhas the option to utilize the type of plan, at the sameverification level, that best complements the production pro-cess.4.2.2 Formation and Identification of Lots or BatchesTheproduct shall be ass
49、embled into identifiable lots, sublots, orbatches, or in such other manner as may be prescribed. Each lotor batch shall, as far as practicable, consist of units of productof a single type, grade, class, size, and composition, manufac-tured under essentially the same conditions, and at essentiallythe same time. The lots or batches shall be identified by theproducer and shall be kept intact in adequate and suitablestorage space. Although lot or batch size is not used to select acontinuous sampling plan, the formation of lots or batches mayremain d
