1、Designation: E2965 15Standard Test Method forDetermination of Low Levels Heat Release Rate forMaterials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2965; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure formeasuring the res
3、ponse of materials that emit low levels of heatrelease when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heatingwith or without an external igniter.1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in thatit prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimenholder, test specimen orientation,
4、a direct connection betweenthe plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly toensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1),and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygenconsumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materialsand products that contain only sma
5、ll amounts of combustibleingredients or components such as test specimens that yield apeak heat release of 200 kWm2and total heat release of15 MJm2.NOTE 1PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of aCone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as theheat release rate is
6、too high.1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurementof the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream.The effective heat of combustion is determined from a con-comitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, incombi
7、nation with the heat release rate. Smoke development (anoptional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light bythe combustion product stream.1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxesgenerated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, whenused, shall be by electric sp
8、ark. The test specimen testingorientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-useapplication involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of timefrom initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for
9、 use for materialand product evaluations, mathematical modeling, designpurposes, and development and research. Examples of materialtest specimens include portions of an end-use product or thevarious components used in the end-use product.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandar
10、d. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessmen
11、t of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi
12、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D5865 Test Method for
13、 Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products
14、 Using an Oxygen Con-sumption Calorimeter2.2 ISO StandardsISO 5657-1986 (E) Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability of Building MaterialsISO 5725-2 (1994) Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) ofMeasurement Methods and ResultsPart 2: Basic1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05
15、on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibil-ity.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. DOI:10.1520/E2965-15.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Method f
16、or the Determination of Repeatability and Re-producibility of a Standard Measurement Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of he
17、atgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly,when exposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast grossheat of combustion).3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat release by the mass loss du
18、ring a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, thespecified fire test conditions are provided by the specificationsof the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,involving very high heat
19、and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is theappropriate measure.
20、Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.2.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount ofheat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can bedetermined experimentally and only under conditions of highpressure and in pure oxygen (contrast
21、effective heat of com-bustion).3.2.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Meth
22、od E906) andthen reported as the incident heat flux, with the understandingthat the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asdescribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with
23、 measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical units are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.2.4 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from thespecimen, per unit of time.3.2.5 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming, in
24、 seconds, at a specifiedheating flux.3.2.6 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat fluxvalue commonly used when describing or setting test condi-tions.3.2.7 net heat of
25、 combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see TestMethod D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differsfrom the gross heat of combustion in that the former assessesthe heat per unit mass generated from a combustion proce
26、ssthat ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter endswith water in the liquid state.3.2.8 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing, either vertical orhorizontal facing up.3.2.9 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relations
27、hip between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2.10 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmis-sion by smoke, as measured by light attenuation.3.2.11 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or overmost of the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.3.2.1
28、1.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 4 s duration isidentified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.3 Symbols:As= nominal test specimen exposed surface area,0.0225m2.C = calibration constant for oxygen consumptionanalysis, m1/2kg1/2K1/2.hc= net heat of combustion, kJ/kg.hc,eff= effective heat of combus
29、tion, kJ/kg.I = actual beam intensity.Io= beam intensity with no smoke.k = smoke extinction coefficient, m-1.L = extinction beam path length, m.m = test specimen mass, kg.mf= final test specimen mass, kg.mi= initial test specimen mass, kg.m = test specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.P = orifice meter pres
30、sure differential, Pa.qtot= total heat released, kJ/m2 (Note that kJ kWs).q = heat release rate, kW.q = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m2.qmax= maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/m2).q180= average heat release rate, per unit area, over thetime period starting at tigand ending 180 s lat
31、er(kW/m2).r = repeatability (the units are the same as for thevariable being characterized).R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for thevariable being characterized).rO= stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio ().sr= sample-based standard deviation estimate for re-peatability (same units as
32、r).sR= sample-based standard deviation estimate for repro-ducibility (same units as R).t = time, s.td= oxygen analyzer delay time, s.tig= time to sustained flaming (s). = density (kg/m3).t = sampling time interval, s.Te= absolute temperature of gas at the orifice meter, K.V = volume exhaust flow rat
33、e, measured at the locationof the laser photometer, m3/s.XO2= oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O2().XO20= initial value of oxygen analyzer reading ().E2965 152XO21= oxygen analyzer reading, before delay time correc-tion ().f= specific extinction area, for smoke, m2/kg.r= repeatability standard
34、 deviation (same units as r).R= reproducibility standard deviation (same units asR).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that,generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to theamount of oxygen required for combustion. The relationship,known as the o
35、xygen consumption principle, is that approxi-mately 13.1 103kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygenconsumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient airconditions, while being subjected to a predetermined initial testheat flux. In the test the test specimens are exposed to apre-determine
36、d initial test heat flux either with or without theadded use of a spark igniter. The primary measurements areoxygen concentrations and exhaust gas flow rate, which areused to determine heat release rate and total heat released.Additional measurements include the mass-loss rate of the testspecimen, t
37、he time to sustained flaming and (optionally) smokeobscuration, or as required in the relevant material or perfor-mance standard.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heatevolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials orproducts that emit low level
38、s of heat release. The recom-mended use for this test method is for materials with a totalheat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat releaserates of more than 200 kWm2for periods extending more than10 s. Also included is a determin
39、ation of the effective heat ofcombustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and(optionally) smoke production. These properties are deter-mined on small size test specimens that are representative ofthose in the intended end use.5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of
40、products and is not limited to representing a single firescenario.5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use productsthat do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 General:6.1.1 The test apparatus shall be as described in TestMethod E1354 with the changes describ
41、ed below. Fig. 1 showsan overview of the apparatus.6.1.2 All dimensions given in the figures that are followedby an asterisk are mandatory, and shall be followed withinnominal tolerances of 61 mm, unless otherwise specified.6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation ofthe test appara
42、tus are given in Ref (2).6.2 Conical Heater:6.2.1 The heater shall be similar to that used in Test MethodE1354 but it shall be of a larger format and constructed suchthat it is capable of producing irradiance on the surface of thetest specimen of up to 80 kW/m2. The irradiance shall beuniform within
43、 the central 100 mm by 100 mm area of theexposed test specimen surface, to within 62 % and withinFIG. 1 Modified Cone CalorimeterE2965 15363 % over the entire surface of the specimen. The heater shallconsist of electrical heater rods, tightly wound into the shape ofa truncated cone. The heater shall
44、 be encased on the outsidewith a double-wall stainless steel cone, packed with a refrac-tory fiber material of approximately 100 kg/m3density.6.3 Test Specimen Mounting:6.3.1 The specimen holder is shown in Fig. 2. The bottomshall be constructed of 2.4 mm nominal stainless steel and itshall have out
45、side dimensions of 156 mm by 156 mm by a25 mm height (tolerance in dimensions: 62 mm).6.3.1.1 An open stainless steel square, 59 mm in insidedimensions, shall be spot welded to the underside of thespecimen holder, to facilitate the centering of the test specimenunder the cone heater. The leading edg
46、e of the open squareunderneath the specimen holder, which is the one opposite thehandle, is optional. The open square on the bottom of thespecimen holder shall be designed to seat with the samplemount assembly located at the top of the load cell ensuring thatthe specimen holder is centered with resp
47、ect to the cone heater.6.3.2 The bottom of the specimen holder shall be lined witha layer of low density (nominal density 65 kg/m3) refractoryfiber blanket with a thickness of at least 13 mm. The distancebetween the bottom surface of the cone heater and the top ofthe test specimen shall be adjusted
48、to be 60 mm.6.3.2.1 If a test has been conducted and there was physicalcontact of the test specimen with the spark igniter or the conebaseplate, that test shall be deemed invalid.6.3.3 Intumescent MaterialsThe testing technique to beused when testing intumescing test specimens shall be docu-mented i
49、n the test report. Options include those described in6.3.3.1 6.3.3.3.6.3.3.1 Use a retainer frame or edge frame (Fig. 3).NOTE 2The edge frame is used to reduce unrepresentative edgeburning of test specimens.FIG. 2 Specimen HolderNOTE 1All dimensions are in milimetres.NOTE 2* Indicates a critical dimension.E2965 1546.3.3.2 Use a wire grid.NOTE 3The wire grid is used for retaining test specimens prone todelamination and is suitable for several types of intumescent test speci-mens.6.3.3.3 Use a special mounting procedure suitable fo
