1、Designation: E2965 15E2965 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Low Levels of Heat Release Rate forMaterials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2965; the number immediately following the designa
2、tion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard
3、provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heatrelease when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.1.2 This test method differs fromTest Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size,
4、specimen holder,test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure completecollection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry.It is intended for use o
5、n materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components suchas test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 200 kWm2 and total heat release of 15 MJm2.NOTE 1PMMAis typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMAshould not be use
6、d with this standard as the heat releaserate is too high.1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygenconcentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitantmeas
7、urement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optionalmeasurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. E
8、xternal ignition, when used,shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use applicationinvolves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustaine
9、d flaming.1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes,and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the variouscomponents used in the end-use product.1.7 The
10、 values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
11、 all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.10 This standard does not purport
12、to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.2. Re
13、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and CokeE176 Terminology of Fire Standards1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.23 on Combustibility.Current ed
14、ition approved Aug. 1, 2015Jan. 1, 2016. Published September 2015February 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E2965-15.Originally approved in 2015. Last previous editionapproved in 2015 as E2965-15.DOI: 10.1520/E2965-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standar
15、d an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM i
16、s to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Metho
17、dE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeter2.2 ISO StandardsISO 5657-1986 (E) Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability of Building MaterialsISO 5725-2 (1994) Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measurement Methods and R
18、esultsPart 2: Basic Method for theDetermination of Repeatability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 effective heat of co
19、mbustion, nthe amount of heat generated per unit mass lost by a material, product or assembly, whenexposed to specific fire test conditions (contrast gross heat of combustion).3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion depends on the test method and is determined by dividing the measured hea
20、t release by the massloss during a specified period of time under the specified test conditions. Typically, the specified fire test conditions are providedby the specifications of the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustion as a quantity to be measured. For certain firetest condit
21、ions, involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations under high pressure, the effective heat of combustion willapproximate the gross heat of combustion. More often, the fire test conditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combust
22、ion is the appropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.2.2 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount of heat per unit mass that theoretically can be released by thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can be determined experimentally and only under conditions of high pre
23、ssureand in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of combustion).3.2.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source, such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of a test (su
24、ch as Test Method E1354or Test Method E906) and then reported as the incident heat flux, with the understanding that the burning of the test specimen cangenerate additional heat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also be measured at any time during a fire test, for exampleas described i
25、n Guide E603, on any surface, and with measurement devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes. Typicalunits are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.2.4 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the specimen, per unit of time.3.2.5 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measur
26、ed by the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heatingflux.3.2.6 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the test apparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.2.6.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat flux value commonly used when describing or s
27、etting test conditions.3.2.7 net heat of combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see Test Method D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forgaseous state of product water.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differs from the gross heat of combustion in that the former assesses the heat per
28、unit mass generatedfrom a combustion process that ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter ends with water in the liquid state.3.2.8 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face of the specimen is located during testing, either vertical or horizontalfacing up.3.2.9 oxygen consumpti
29、on principle, nthe expression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2.10 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmission by smoke, as measured by light attenuation.E2965 1623.2.11 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame on or over most of
30、 the specimen surface for periods of at least 4 s.3.2.11.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 4 s duration is identified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.3 Symbols:As = nominal test specimen exposed surface area, 0.0225m2.C = calibration constant for oxygen consumption analysis, m1/2 kg 1/2 K1/2.hc =
31、 net heat of combustion, kJ/kg.hc,eff = effective heat of combustion, kJ/kg.I = actual beam intensity.Io = beam intensity with no smoke.k = smoke extinction coefficient, m-1.L = extinction beam path length, m.m = test specimen mass, kg.mf = final test specimen mass, kg.mi = initial test specimen mas
32、s, kg.m = test specimen mass loss rate, kg/s.P = orifice meter pressure differential, Pa.qtot = total heat released, kJ/m2 (Note that kJ kWs).Qtot = total heat released, kJ/m2 (Note that kJ kWs).q = heat release rate, kW.q = heat release rate, kW.q = heat release rate per unit area, kW/m2.q = heat r
33、elease rate per unit area, kW/m2.qmax = maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/m2).qmax = maximum heat release rate per unit area (kW/m2).q180 = average heat release rate, per unit area, over the time period starting at tig and ending 180 s later (kW/m2).q180 = average heat release rate, per un
34、it area, over the time period starting at tig and ending 180 s later (kW/m2).r = repeatability (the units are the same as for the variable being characterized).R = reproducibility (the units are the same as for the variable being characterized).rO = stoichiometric oxygen/fuel mass ratio ().sr = samp
35、le-based standard deviation estimate for repeatability (same units as r).sR = sample-based standard deviation estimate for reproducibility (same units as R).t = time, s.td = oxygen analyzer delay time, s.tig = time to sustained flaming (s). = density (kg/m3).t = sampling time interval, s.Te = absolu
36、te temperature of gas at the orifice meter, K.V = volume exhaust flow rate, measured at the location of the laser photometer, m3/s.XO2 = oxygen analyzer reading, mole fraction O2 ().XO20 = initial value of oxygen analyzer reading ().XO21 = oxygen analyzer reading, before delay time correction ().f =
37、 specific extinction area, for smoke, m2/kg.r = repeatability standard deviation (same units as r).R = reproducibility standard deviation (same units as R).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the
38、 amount ofoxygen required for combustion. The relationship, known as the oxygen consumption principle, is that approximately 13.1 103kJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while beingsubjected to a predetermined initial t
39、est heat flux. In the test the test specimens are exposed to a pre-determined initial test heatflux either with or without the added use of a spark igniter. The primary measurements are oxygen concentrations and exhaust gasflow rate, which are used to determine heat release rate and total heat relea
40、sed.Additional measurements include the mass-loss rateof the test specimen, the time to sustained flaming and (optionally) smoke obscuration, or as required in the relevant material orperformance standard.E2965 1635. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat ev
41、olved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or productsthat emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release ratemeasured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rate
42、s of more than200 kWm2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass lossrate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size testspecimens that are representative of t
43、hose in the intended end use.5.2 This test method is applicable to various categories of products and is not limited to representing a single fire scenario.5.3 This test method is not applicable to end-use products that do not have planar, or nearly planar, external surfaces.6. Apparatus6.1 General:
44、6.1.1 The test apparatus shall be as described inTest Method E1354 with the changes described below. Fig. 1 shows an overviewof the apparatus.6.1.2 All dimensions given in the figures that are followed by an asterisk are mandatory, and shall be followed within nominaltolerances of 61 mm, unless othe
45、rwise specified.6.1.3 Additional details describing features and operation of the test apparatus are given in Ref (2).6.2 Conical Heater:6.2.1 The heater shall be similar to that used in Test Method E1354 but it shall be of a larger format and constructed such thatit is capable of producing irradian
46、ce on the surface of the test specimen of up to 80 kW/m2. The irradiance shall be uniform withinthe central 100 mm by 100 mm area of the exposed test specimen surface, to within 62 % and within 63 % over the entire surfaceof the specimen. The heater shall consist of electrical heater rods, tightly w
47、ound into the shape of a truncated cone. The heater shallbe encased on the outside with a double-wall stainless steel cone, packed with a refractory fiber material of approximately 100kg/m3 density.6.3 Test Specimen Mounting:6.3.1 The specimen holder is shown in Fig. 2. The bottom shall be construct
48、ed of 2.4 mm nominal stainless steel and it shallhave outside dimensions of 156 mm by 156 mm by a 25 mm height (tolerance in dimensions: 62 mm).FIG. 1 Modified Cone CalorimeterE2965 1646.3.1.1 An open stainless steel square, 59 mm in inside dimensions, shall be spot welded to the underside of the sp
49、ecimenholder, to facilitate the centering of the test specimen under the cone heater. The leading edge of the open square underneath thespecimen holder, which is the one opposite the handle, is optional. The open square on the bottom of the specimen holder shallbe designed to seat with the sample mount assembly located at the top of the load cell ensuring that the specimen holder is centeredwith respect to the cone heater.6.3.2 The bottom of the specimen holder shall be lined with a layer of low density (nominal densi
