1、Designation: E2981 15Standard Guide forNondestructive Testing of the Composite Overwraps inFilament Wound Pressure Vessels Used in AerospaceApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestruc-tive testing (NDT) proc
3、edures for finding indications of dis-continuities and accumulated damage in the composite over-wrap of filament wound pressure vessels, also known ascomposite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In general,these vessels have metallic liner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm(0.090 in.), and fiber loadin
4、gs in the composite overwrapgreater than 60 percent by weight. In COPVs, the compositeoverwrap thickness will be of the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.)for smaller vessels and up to 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload-sharingmetallic liners used at ambient temper
5、ature, which mostclosely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) TypeIII metal-lined composite tank. However, it also has relevanceto 1) monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGAType I),2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II), 3)plastic-lined composite pressure vessels (CPVs) wit
6、h anonload-sharing liner (CGAType IV), and 4) an all-composite,linerless COPV (undefined Type). This guide also has rel-evance to COPVs used at cryogenic temperatures.1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospaceapplications; therefore, the inspection requirements for discon-tinuities
7、and inspection points will in general be different andmore stringent than for vessels used in non aerospace applica-tions.1.4 This guide applies to 1) low pressure COPVs used forstoring aerospace media at maximum allowable working pres-sures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) and volumes up to 2m3(70
8、ft3), and 2) high pressure COPVs used for storingcompressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10,000 psia) andvolumes down to 8000 cm3(500 in.3). Internal vacuum storageor exposure is not considered appropriate for any vessel size.1.5 The composite overwraps under consideration includebut are not limited
9、 to ones made from various polymer matrixresins (for example, epoxies, cyanate esters, polyurethanes,phenolic resins, polyimides (including bismaleimides), andpolyamides) with continuous fiber reinforcement (for example,carbon, aramid, glass, or poly-(phenylenebenzobisoxazole)(PBO). The metallic lin
10、ers under consideration include but arenot limited to aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel-chromium alloys, and stainless steels.1.6 This guide describes the application of established NDTmethods; namely, Acoustic Emission (AE, Section 7), EddyCurrent Testing (ECT, Section 8), Laser Shearography
11、 (Section9), Radiologic Testing (RT, Section 10), Thermographic Test-ing (TT, Section 11), Ultrasonic Testing (UT, Section 12), andVisual Testing (VT, Section 13). These methods can be used bycognizant engineering organizations for detecting and evaluat-ing flaws, defects, and accumulated damage in
12、the compositeoverwrap of new and in-service COPVs.NOTE 1Although visual testing is discussed and required by currentrange standards, emphasis is placed on complementary NDT proceduresthat are sensitive to detecting flaws, defects, and damage that leave novisible indication on the COPV surface.NOTE 2
13、In aerospace applications, a high priority is placed on lightweight material, while in commercial applications; weight is typicallysacrificed to obtain increased robustness. Accordingly, the need to detectdamage below the visual damage threshold is more important in aerospacevessels.NOTE 3Currently
14、no determination of residual strength can be madeby any NDT method.1.7 All methods discussed in this guide (AE, ET,shearography, RT, TT, UT, and VT) are performed on thecomposite overwrap after overwrapping and structural cure.For NDT procedures for detecting discontinuities in thin-walled metallic
15、liners in filament wound pressure vessels, or inthe bare metallic liner before overwrapping; namely, AE, ET,laser profilometry, leak testing (LT), penetrant testing (PT), andRT; consult Guide E2982.1.8 In the case of COPVs which are impact damage sensi-tive and require implementation of a damage con
16、trol plan,emphasis is placed on NDT methods that are sensitive to1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 onSpecialized NDT Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published September 201
17、5. DOI:10.1520/E2891-15.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1detecting damage in the composite overwrap caused by im-pacts at energy levels and which may or may not leave anyvisible indication on the COPV composite surface.
18、1.9 This guide does not specify accept-reject criteria (sub-section 4.9) to be used in procurement or used as a means forapproving filament wound pressure vessels for service. Anyacceptance criteria specified are given solely for purposes ofrefinement and further elaboration of the procedures descri
19、bedin this guide. Project or original equipment manufacturer(OEM) specific accept/reject criteria shall be used whenavailable and take precedence over any acceptance criteriacontained in this document. If no accept/reject criteria areavailable, any NDT method discussed in this guide thatidentifies b
20、roken fibers shall require disposition by the cogni-zant engineering organization.1.10 This guide references both establishedASTM methodsthat have a foundation of experience and that yield a numericalresult, and newer procedures that have yet to be validated andare better categorized as qualitative
21、guidelines and practices.The latter are included to promote research and later elabora-tion in this guide as methods of the former type.1.11 To ensure proper use of the referenced standarddocuments, there are recognized NDT specialists that arecertified according to industry and company NDT specific
22、a-tions. It is recommended that an NDTspecialist be a part of anycomposite component design, quality assurance, in-servicemaintenance, or damage examination.1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The English units given in parentheses are providedfor information only.1.13
23、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specifichazar
24、ds statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5687 Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels withProcessing Guidelines for Specimen PreparationE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-BeamContact Test
25、ingE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement InstrumentsE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Struc-tures During
26、 Controlled StimulationE650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic EmissionSensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-mentationE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcousticEmission Sensor ResponseE1001 Practice for Detection and Evaluation of Discontinui-ties by
27、the Immersed Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic MethodUsing Longitudinal WavesE1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE1067 Practice forAcoustic Emission Examination of Fiber-glass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/VesselsE1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of AcousticEmis
28、sion SensorsE1118 Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Rein-forced Thermosetting Resin Pipe (RTRP)E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1416 Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weld-mentsE1781/E1781M Practice for Secondary Calibration ofAcoustic Emission SensorsE1815 Test
29、 Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE2104 Practice for Radiographic Examination of AdvancedAero and Turbine Materials and ComponentsE2191 Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels UsingAcoustic Emis-sionE2033 Practice for Compute
30、d Radiology (PhotostimulableLuminescence Method)E2338 Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Con-formable Eddy-Current Sensors without Coating Refer-ence StandardsE2533 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer MatrixComposites Used in Aerospace ApplicationsE2580 Practice for Ultrasonic T
31、esting of Flat Panel Compos-ites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in AerospaceApplicationsE2581 Practice for Shearography of Polymer Matrix Com-posites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace Appli-cationsE2582 Practice for Infrared Flash Thermography of Com-posite Panels and Repair Patches Used in
32、 AerospaceApplicationsE2661/E2661M Practice forAcoustic Emission Examinationof Plate-like and Flat Panel Composite Structures Used inAerospace ApplicationsE2662 Practice for Radiographic Examination of Flat PanelComposites and Sandwich Core Materials Used in Aero-space ApplicationsE2698 Practice for
33、 Radiological Examination Using DigitalDetector ArraysE2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Con-ducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor ArraysE2982 Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Thin-WalledMetallic Liners in Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels Usedin Aerospace Applications2For re
34、ferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2981 1522.2 AIA Standard:3NAS 410 NAS Certification and Qualificati
35、on of Nonde-structive Test Personnel2.3 ANSI/AIAA Standards:4ANSI/AIAA S-080 Space SystemsMetallic PressureVessels, Pressurized Structures, and Pressure ComponentsANSI/AIAA S-0801 Space SystemsComposite Over-wrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs)ANSI NGV2-2007 American National Standard for NaturalGas Veh
36、icle Containers2.4 ASME Standard:5ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code2.5 ASNT Standards:6ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certificationof Nondestructive Testing PersonnelSNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and Certification2.6 BSI Documents:7EN
37、 4179 Aerospace Series Qualification andApproval ofPersonnel for Non-Destructive Testing2.7 Compressed Gas Association Standards:8CGA Pamphlet C-6.2 Standard for Visual Inspection andRequalification of Fiber Reinforced High Pressure Cylin-dersCGAPamphlet C-6.4 Methods for Visual Inspection ofAGANGV2
38、 Containers2.8 Federal Standards:921 CFR 1040.10 Laser Products21 CFR 1040.11 Specific Purpose Laser Products2.9 ISO Document:10ISO 9712 Non-destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel2.10 LIA Document:11ANSI, Z136.1-2000 Safe Use of Lasers2.11 MIL Documents:12MIL-HDBK-17 Co
39、mposite Materials Handbook, Guide-lines for Characterization of Structural MaterialsMIL-HDBK-6870 Inspection Program Requirements, Non-destructive for Aircraft and Missile Materials and PartsMIL-HDBK-340 Test Requirements for Launch, Upper-Stage, and Space Vehicles, Vol. I: BaselinesMIL-HDBK-787 Non
40、destructive Testing Methods of Com-posite MaterialsUltrasonicsMIL-HDBK-1823 Nondestructive Evaluation System Reli-ability Assessment2.12 NASA Documents:13KNPR 8715.3 (Kennedy NASA Procedural Requirements)Chapter 13: NASA KSC Requirements for Ground-BasedVessels and Pressurized Systems (PV/S), Rev. G
41、.NASA/TM-2012-21737 Elements of Nondestructive Ex-amination for the Visual Inspection of Composite Struc-turesNASA-STD-(I)-5019 Fracture Control Requirements forSpaceflight Hardware2.13 Air Force Documents:12AFSPCMAN 91-710 v3 Range Safety User RequirementsManual Volume 3 - Launch Vehicles, Payloads
42、, andGround Support Systems RequirementsAFSPCMAN 91-710 v6 Range Safety User RequirementsManual Volume 6 - Ground and Launch Personnel,Equipment, Systems, and Material Operations SafetyRequirements3. Terminology3.1 AbbreviationsThe following abbreviations are ad-opted in this guide: acoustic emissio
43、n (AE), eddy currenttesting (ET), radiologic testing (RT), ultrasonic testing (UT),and visual testing (VT).3.2 Definitions: Terminology in accordance with Terminolo-gies E1316 and D3878 shall be used where applicable.3.2.1 active sourcesee Test Method E569, Section 3,Terminology.3.2.2 AE activitysee
44、 Test Method E569, Section 3, Termi-nology.3.2.3 AE counts (N)the number of times the acousticemission signal exceeds a preset threshold during any selectedportion of a test.3.2.4 AE sourcea region of impact damage in the com-posite overwrap or growing crack in the metallic liner of aCOPV that can b
45、e classified as active, critically active, intense,or critically intense.3.2.5 AE source intensitysee Test Method E569, Section3, Terminology.3.2.6 AE test pressuresee Test Method E2191, Section 3,Terminology3.2.7 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,government agency, or other authority re
46、sponsible for thedesign or end use of the system or component for which NDTis required. This, in addition to the design personnel, mayinclude personnel from engineering, materials and processengineering, stress analysis, NDT, or quality groups and other,as appropriate.3Available from Aerospace Indus
47、tries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),
48、 ASMEInternational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.6Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.7Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chisw
49、ick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/.8Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 14501 George CarterWay, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151, http:/.9Available from U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 10903 NewHampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20993, http:/www.fda.gov.10Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.11Available from the Laser Institute of America, 13501 Ingenuity Drive, Suite128, Orlando, FL 32826.12A
