1、Designation: E2982 14Standard Guide forNondestructive Testing of Thin-Walled Metallic Liners inFilament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in AerospaceApplications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2982; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide discusses current and potential nondestruc-tive testing (NDT)
3、procedures for finding indications of dis-continuities in thin-walled metallic liners in filament-woundpressure vessels, also known as composite overwrapped pres-sure vessels (COPVs). In general, these vessels have metallicliner thicknesses less than 2.3 mm (0.090 in.), and fiberloadings in the comp
4、osite overwrap greater than 60 percent byweight. In COPVs, the composite overwrap thickness will beof the order of 2.0 mm (0.080 in.) for smaller vessels, and upto 20 mm (0.80 in.) for larger ones.1.2 This guide focuses on COPVs with nonload sharingmetallic liners used at ambient temperature, which
5、mostclosely represents a Compressed Gas Association (CGA) TypeIII metal-lined COPV. However, it also has relevance to (1)monolithic metallic pressure vessels (PVs) (CGA Type I), and(2) metal-lined hoop-wrapped COPVs (CGA Type II).1.3 The vessels covered by this guide are used in aerospaceapplication
6、s; therefore, the examination requirements for dis-continuities and inspection points will in general be differentand more stringent than for vessels used in non-aerospaceapplications.1.4 This guide applies to (1) low pressure COPVs and PVsused for storing aerospace media at maximum allowableworking
7、 pressures (MAWPs) up to 3.5 MPa (500 psia) andvolumes up to 2 m3(70 ft3), and (2) high pressure COPVs usedfor storing compressed gases at MAWPs up to 70 MPa (10,000psia) and volumes down to 8000 cm3(500 in.3). Internalvacuum storage or exposure is not considered appropriate forany vessel size.1.5 T
8、he metallic liners under consideration include but arenot limited to ones made from aluminum alloys, titaniumalloys, nickel-based alloys, and stainless steels. In the case ofCOPVs, the composites through which the NDT interrogationmust be made after overwrapping include, but are not limitedto, vario
9、us polymer matrix resins (for example, epoxies,cyanate esters, polyurethanes, phenolic resins, polyimides(including bismaleimides), polyamides) with continuous fiberreinforcement (for example, carbon, aramid, glass, or poly-(phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO).1.6 This guide describes the application of
10、 established NDTprocedures; namely, Acoustic Emission (AE, Section 7), EddyCurrent Testing (ECT, Section 8), Laser Profilometry (LP,Section 9), Leak Testing (LT, Section 10), Penetrant Testing(PT, Section 11), and Radiologic Testing (RT, Section 12).These procedures can be used by cognizant engineer
11、ingorganizations for detecting and evaluating flaws, defects, andaccumulated damage in metallic PVs, the bare metallic liner ofCOPVs before overwrapping, and the metallic liner of new andin-service COPVs.1.7 Due to difficulties associated with inspecting thin-walled metallic COPV liners through comp
12、osite overwraps,and the availability of the NDE methods listed in Section 1.6 toinspect COPV liners before overwrapping and metal PVs,ultrasonic testing (UT) is not addressed in this standard. UTmay still be performed as agreed upon between the supplierand customer. Ultrasonic requirements may utili
13、ze PracticeE2375 as applicable based upon the specific liner applicationand metal thickness. Alternate ultrasonic inspection methodssuch as Lamb wave, surface wave, shear wave, reflector plate,etc. may be established and documented per agreed uponcontractual requirements. The test requirements shoul
14、d bedeveloped in conjunction with the specific criteria defined byengineering analysis.1.8 In general, AE and PT are performed on the PV or thebare metallic liner of a COPV before overwrapping (in the caseof COPVs, AE is done before overwrapping to minimizeinterference from the composite overwrap).
15、ET, LT, and RT areperformed on the PV, bare metallic liner of a COPV beforeoverwrapping, or on the as-manufactured COPV. LP is per-formed on the inner and outer surfaces of the PV, or on theinner surface of the COPV liner both before and after over-wrapping. Furthermore, AE and RT are well suited fo
16、r evalu-ating the weld integrity of welded PVs and COPV liners.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 onSpecialized NDT Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2014.
17、DOI:10.1520/E2982-14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.9 Wherever possible, the NDT procedures described shallbe sensitive enough to detect critical flaw sizes of the order of1.3 mm (0.050 in.) length with a 2:1 aspect
18、 ratio.NOTE 1Liners often fail due to improper welding resulting ininitiation and growth of multiple small discontinuities of the order of0.050 mm (0.002 in.) length. These will form a macro-flaw of 1-mm(0.040-in.) length only at higher stress levels.1.10 For NDT procedures that detect discontinuiti
19、es in thecomposite overwrap of filament-wound pressure vessels(namely, AE, ET, shearography, thermography, UT and visualexamination), consult E07s forthcoming Guide for Nonde-structive Testing of Composite Overwraps in Filament-WoundPressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applications.1.11 In the case of
20、 COPVs which are impact damagesensitive and require implementation of a damage control plan,emphasis is placed on NDT procedures that are sensitive todetecting damage in the metallic liner caused by impacts atenergy levels which may or may not leave any visibleindication on the COPV composite surfac
21、e.1.12 This guide does not specify accept/reject criteria (Sec-tion 4.10) used in procurement or used as a means forapproving PVs or COPVs for service. Any acceptance criteriaprovided herein are given mainly for purposes of refinementand further elaboration of the procedures described in theguide. P
22、roject or original equipment manufacturer (OEM)specific accept/reject criteria shall be used when available andtake precedence over any acceptance criteria contained in thisdocument.1.13 This standard references establishedASTM Test Meth-ods that have a foundation of experience and that yield anumer
23、ical result, and newer procedures that have yet to bevalidated which are better categorized as qualitative guidelinesand practices. The latter are included to promote research andlater elaboration in this standard as methods of the former type.1.14 To insure proper use of the referenced standarddocu
24、ments, there are recognized NDT specialists that arecertified according to industry and company NDT specifica-tions. It is recommended that an NDTspecialist be a part of anythin-walled metallic component design, quality assurance,in-service maintenance, or damage examination.1.15 The values stated i
25、n metric units are to be regarded asthe standard. The English units given in parentheses areprovided for information only.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
26、-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich ConstructionsD1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5
27、687 Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels withProcessing Guidelines for Specimen PreparationE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for GeneralIndustryE215 Practice for Standardizing Equipment for Electromag-netic Testing of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy TubeE426 Practice for Electromagnet
28、ic (Eddy-Current) Examina-tion of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Titanium,Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar AlloysE432 Guide for Selection of a Leak Testing MethodE493 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass SpectrometerLeak Detector in the Inside-Out Testing ModeE499 Test Methods for Leak
29、s Using the Mass SpectrometerLeak Detector in the Detector Probe ModeE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility ofAcousticEmission Sensor ResponseE1000 Guide for RadioscopyE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-ments
30、E1066 Practice for Ammonia Colorimetric Leak TestingE1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TestingUsing the Water-Washable ProcessE1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TestingUsing the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification ProcessE1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TestingUs
31、ing the Solvent-Removable ProcessE1255 Practice for RadioscopyE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in DatabasesE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1416 Test Method for Radioscopic Examination of Weld-mentsE1417 Practice for Liquid Penetra
32、nt TestingE1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic EmissionE1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in DatabasesE1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and CoreMaterials in Computerized Material Pr
33、operty DatabasesE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE2007 Guide for Computed RadiographyE2104 Practice for Radiographic Examination of AdvancedAero and Turbine Materials and ComponentsE2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (PhotostimulableLuminescence Method)
34、E2261 Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alter-nating Current Field Measurement TechniqueE2338 Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Con-formable Eddy-Current Sensors without Coating Refer-ence StandardsE2375 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought ProductsE2698 Practice for Ra
35、diological Examination Using DigitalDetector Arrays2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2982 142E
36、2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array RadiologyE2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Con-ducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays2.2 AIA Standard:3NAS 410 NAS Certification (2) the capabilityPOD; and (3) therepeatabilityprocess control of the applied NDT procedure.3.4.18 norm
37、al fill pressurelevel to which a vessel ispressurized. This may be greater, or may be less, than markedservice pressure.3.4.19 probability of detection (POD)the mean fraction offlaws at a given size or other characteristic such as stressintensity factor expected to be detected.3.4.20 special NDTnond
38、estructive examinations of frac-ture critical hardware that are capable of detecting cracks orcrack-like flaws smaller than those assumed detectable bystandard NDT or do not conform to the requirements forstandard NDT.3.4.21 standard NDTwell established nondestructive ex-amination methods for which
39、a statistically based flaw detec-tion capability has been established for a specific application orgroups of similar applications, for example, such as themethods discussed in NASA-STD-5009.3.5 Symbols:3.5.1 athe physical dimension of a discontinuity, flaw ortargetcan be its depth, surface length, o
40、r diameter of acircular discontinuity, or radius of semi-circular or corner crackhaving the same cross-sectional area.3.5.2 a0the size of an initial, severe, worst case crack-likediscontinuity, also known as a rogue flaw.3.5.3 acritthe size of a severe crack-like discontinuity thatcauses LLB or BBL
41、failure often caused by a growing rogueflaw.3.5.4 apthe discontinuity size that can be detected withprobability p.3.5.5 ap/cthe discontinuity size that can be detected withprobability p with a statistical confidence level of c.3.5.6 (pronounced a-hat) measured response of the NDTsystem, to a target
42、of size, a. Units depend on testing apparatus,and can be scale divisions, counts, number of contiguousilluminated pixels, millivolts, etc.4. Significance and Use4.1 The COPVs covered in this guide consist of a metallicliner overwrapped with high-strength fibers embedded inpolymeric matrix resin (typ
43、ically a thermoset). Metallic linersmay be spun formed from a deep drawn/extruded monolithicblank or may be fabricated by welding formed components.Designers often seek to minimize the liner thickness in theinterest of weight reduction. COPV liner materials used can bealuminum alloys, titanium alloy
44、s, nickel-chromium alloys, andstainless steels, impermeable polymer liner such as highdensity polyethylene, or integrated composite materials. Fibermaterials can be carbon, aramid, glass, PBO, metals, or hybrids(two or more types of fiber). Matrix resins include epoxies,cyanate esters, polyurethanes
45、, phenolic resins, polyimides(including bismaleimides), polyamides and other high perfor-mance polymers. Common bond line adhesives are; FM-73,urethane, West 105, Epon 862 with thicknesses ranging from0.13 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.38 mm (0.015 in.). Metal liner andcomposite overwrap materials requirement
46、s are found inANSI/AIAA S-080 and ANSI/AIAA S-081, respectively. Pictures ofrepresentative COPVs are shown in E07s forthcoming Guidefor Nondestructive Testing of Composite Overwraps inFilament-Wound Pressure Vessels Used in Aerospace Applica-tions.4.2 The operative failure modes COPV metal liners an
47、dmetal PVs, in approximate order of likelihood, are: (a) fatiguecracking, (b) buckling, (c) corrosion, (d) environmentalcracking, and (e) overload.NOTE 2For launch vehicles and satellites, the strong drive to reduceweight has pushed designers to adopt COPVs with thinner metal liners.Unfortunately, t
48、his configuration is more susceptible to liner buckling. So,as a precursor to liner fatigue, attention should be paid to liner buckling.4.3 Per MIL-HDBK-340, the primary intended function ofCOPVs as discussed in this guide will be to store pressurizedgases and fluids where one or more of the followi
49、ng apply:4.3.1 Contains stored energy of 19 310 J (14 240 ft-lbf) orgreater based on adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas.4.3.2 Contains a gas or liquid that would endanger person-nel or equipment or create a mishap (accident) if released.4.3.3 Experiences a design limit pressure greater than 690kPa (100 psi).4.4 Per NASA-STD-(I)-5019, COPVs shall comply with thelatest revision of ANSI/AIAA Standard S-081. The followingrequirements also apply when implementing S-081:4.4.1 Maximum Design Pressure (MDP) shall be substitutedfor all references to Maximum Expected Operat
