1、Designation: E2996 15Standard Guide forWorkforce Education in Nanotechnology Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidelines for basic workforceeducation in health and safety topics related to nanotechnology,to be taught at an un
3、dergraduate college level. This educationshould be broad to prepare an individual to work safely withinone of the many areas in nanotechnology research,development, or manufacturing. The individual so educatedmay be involved in material handling, manufacture,distribution, storage, use, or disposal o
4、f nanoscale materials.1.2 This guide may be used to develop or evaluate aneducation program for health and safety issues in the nano-technology field. This guide provides listings of key topics thatshould be covered in a nanotechnology education program onthis subject, but it does not provide specif
5、ic course material tobe used in such a program. This approach is taken in order toallow workforce education entities to ensure their programscover the required material while also enabling these institu-tions to tailor their programs to meet the needs of their localemployers.1.3 The values stated in
6、 SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and heal
7、th practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. The immediate andlong term hazards, if any, of many nanomaterials are unknown.This guide does not address concerns with consumer usage andeventual disposal of products that contain nanomaterials.1.5 This guide may
8、not cover knowledge and skill objec-tives applicable to local conditions or required by localregulations.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2456 Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO/TS 27687 NanotechnologiesTerminology and Defini-tions for Nano-ObjectsNanoparticle, N
9、anofibre, andNanoplate3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms related to nanotechnology ingeneral, refer to Terminology E2456 and ISO/TS 27687.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimen-sion in the nanoscale or having
10、 internal structure or surfacestructure in the nanoscale.3.2.2 nanoscale, adjhaving one or more dimensions fromapproximately 1 to 100 nanometres (nm).3.2.3 nanomanufacturing, nfabrication of nanomaterial orthe incorporation of nanomaterials into other products.4. Significance and Use4.1 The purpose
11、of this guide is to provide a basic educa-tional structure in the health and safety aspects of nanotech-nology to organizations developing or carrying out educationprograms for the nanotechnology workforce. This guide helpsto describe the minimum knowledge base for anyone involvedin nanomanfacturing
12、 or nanomaterials research.4.2 The basic education should prepare an individual forvaried roles in the nanotechnology workplace. The material inthis guide may require a post-secondary two-year science ortechnology background to be understood sufficiently. Depth onthe topics should be sufficient to t
13、ransfer between various1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 on Nanotech-nology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.03 on Environment,Health, and Safety.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015. Published March 2015. DOI: 10.1520/E2996-15.2For referenced ASTM stan
14、dards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie
15、-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1applications of nanotechnology such as nanomaterialfabrication, nanomaterial characterization, nanolithographyand patter
16、ning.4.3 Nanoscale materials might present unique health andenvironmental hazards due to their unique properties. Thehazards, if any, presented by nanomaterials can be verydifferent from those presented by bulk/macroscopic materials.4.4 Because nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field,the indivi
17、dual educated in nanotechnology needs to be cogni-zant of changing and evolving safety procedures and practices.Individuals should be aware of how to keep current on thetechnology, and have a base education that enables synthesis ofemerging safety procedures and practices.5. Course Content5.1 The mi
18、nimum recommended course content for work-force education in nanotechnology health and safety shouldinclude education on known and potential health risks, safework practice in the nanotechnology workplace, nanotechnol-ogy and general laboratory safety, and understanding of SafetyData Sheets (SDSs).H
19、EALTH ISSUES5.2 The unique properties of nanomaterials generally are notreflected on current SDS documentation. The list of healthissues noted in this guide is not meant to be an exhaustive listof all possible health issues, but rather a list of the minimumissues that must be considered.5.3 Define h
20、ealth issues:5.3.1 Acute exposure.5.3.2 Chronic exposure.5.3.3 Irritant.5.3.4 Mutagen.5.3.5 Teratogen.5.3.6 Carcinogen.5.3.7 Sensitizers.5.3.8 Asphyxiation.5.4 Define novel properties and behaviors of nanomaterials:5.4.1 Awareness of size and shape of materials.5.4.2 Reactivity based on size:5.4.2.1
21、 Impact of shape on reactivity.5.4.2.2 Agglomeration state.5.4.2.3 Solubility.5.4.2.4 Bioactivity.5.4.2.5 Fire and explosion risks.5.4.3 Frequently used nanomaterials:5.4.3.1 Carbon based materials such as carbon black,fullerenes, carbon nanotubes.5.4.3.2 Metal oxides:(1) Forms of titanium dioxide.(
22、2) Forms of zinc oxide.(3) Forms of silicon dioxide.5.4.3.3 Metallic nanoparticles:(1) Gold nanoparticles.(2) Silver nanoparticles.5.4.3.4 Quantum dots.5.4.3.5 Other nanostructured particles.5.5 Identify exposure paths for nanoparticle interaction:5.5.1 Inhalation.5.5.2 Ingestion.5.5.3 Dermal.HEALTH
23、 CONCERNS RELATED TO PROCESSINGTOOLS COMMONLY USED INNANOMANUFACTURING5.6 High-voltage/high-current fields.5.7 Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.5.8 Thermal (infrared).5.9 Ultraviolet.5.10 X-ray.5.11 High vacuum.5.12 Inert gasses under pressure.5.13 Chemical exposure.SAFE WORK PRACTICE IN LABORATO
24、RIESUTILIZING NANOTECHNOLOGY OR IN THENANOMANUFACTURING ENVIRONMENT, ORBOTH5.14 Current best practices or case studies on workpractices, or both.5.15 Current knowledge of nanomaterial exposure levelsestablished by the National Institute for Occupational Safetyand Health (NIOSH), American Conference
25、of IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH), etc.5.16 Prevention through design.5.17 Process Safety Management (PSM).5.18 Hazard evaluation.5.19 Risk assessment.5.20 Hazard mitigation.5.21 Hierarchy of hazard control:5.21.1 Elimination.5.21.2 Substitution.5.21.3 Engineering controls.5.21.4 Administrative contro
26、ls.5.21.5 Personal protective equipment (PPE).5.22 PPE specific to nanomanufacturing:5.22.1 Respirators:5.22.1.1 Various types.5.22.1.2 Ability to screen material.5.22.1.3 Proper use.5.22.2 Dust collection efficiency of filters.5.22.3 Cleanup and disposal of unbound nanoparticles.5.22.4 Spill manage
27、ment.5.22.5 Industrial hygiene.5.23 Fire extinguishers.5.24 Safety showers.5.25 Eye wash stations.5.26 PPE specific to handling and research.E2996 1525.27 Wet bench safety guidelines.5.28 Glove box safety guidelines.5.29 Bottled gas safety procedures.5.30 Vacuum systems safety procedures.5.31 Toxic
28、gas alarm technology.5.32 Gas abatement systems and regulations.ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP5.33 Current Best Practices or Case Studies on Environ-mental Stewardship, or Both:5.33.1 Pollution abatement devices:5.33.1.1 In air.5.33.1.2 In water.5.33.2 Nanomaterial abatement techniques:5.33.2.1 Convertin
29、g nanomaterials to safer forms.5.33.3 Proper disposal of nanomaterialsUNDERSTANDING SAFETY DATA SHEETS5.34 Identification.5.35 Hazard(s) identification.5.36 Composition/information on ingredients.5.37 First aid measures.5.38 Fire-fighting measures.5.39 Accidental release measures.5.40 Handling and s
30、torage.5.41 Exposure controls/personal protection.5.42 Physical and chemical properties.5.43 Stability and reactivity.5.44 Toxicological information.5.45 Ecological information.5.46 Disposal considerations.5.47 Transport information.5.48 Regulatory information.5.49 Other information, including date
31、of preparation or lastrevision.6. Keywords6.1 education; health; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; nanotech-nology; safetyRELATED MATERIALAmerican Chemical Society, “Identifying and Evaluating Hazards inResearch Laboratories,” September 2013, Online, Available: http:/www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/about/g
32、overnance/committees/chemicalsafety/identifying-and-evaluating-hazards-in-research-laboratories-draft.pdf.ASTM International, ASTM E2535-07(2013), “Standard Guide for Han-dling Unbound Engineered Nanoscale Particles in OccupationalSettings,” Online, Available: http:/www.astm.org/Standards/E2535.htm.
33、European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, “Workplace Exposure toNanoparticles,” June 2009, Online, Available: https:/osha.europa.eu/en/publications/literature_reviews/workplace_exposure_to_nanoparticles/view.DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2009-125, “Approaches to Safe Nano-technology: Managing th
34、e Health and Safety Concerns Associated withEngineered Nanomaterials,” Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, March 2009, Online, Available: http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125.DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012-147, “General Safe Practices forWorking with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research L
35、aboratories,”Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, May 2012, Online,Available: http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-147/pdfs/2012-147.pdf.DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2014-102, “Current Strategies ForEngineering Controls In Nanomaterial Production and DownstreamHandling Processes,” Centers for Di
36、sease Controland Prevention,November 2013, Online, Available: http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2014-102/pdfs/2014-102.pdf.DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2014-106, “Protecting the Nanotechnol-ogy Workforce,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Decem-ber 2013, Online, Available: http:/www.cdc.gov/ni
37、osh/docs/2014-106.International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TR 12885:NanotechnologiesHealth and Safety Practices in Occupational Set-tings Relevant to Nanotechnologies.International Organization for Standardization, ISO/TR 27628: WorkplaceAtmospheresUltrafine, Nanoparticle, and Nanostructu
38、red AerosolsInhalation Exposure Characterization and Assessment.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suc
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