1、Designation: E3012 16Standard Guide forCharacterizing Environmental Aspects of ManufacturingProcesses1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3012; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides manufacturers an approach tocharacterize any category of manufacturing process and tosystematically capture
3、and describe relevant environmentalinformation.1.2 This guide defines a Process Characterization Method-ology that uses graphical and formal representations to supportthe construction of unit manufacturing process (UMP) infor-mation models for characterizing the environmental aspects ofmanufacturing
4、 processes.1.3 This guide defines the graphical UMP informationmodel as being comprised of four elements (input, output,product and process information, and resources) that supportsmanufacturers in systematically identifying, collecting,structuring, and visualizing manufacturing information.1.4 This
5、 guide defines the formal representation of the UMPinformation model through the use of a modeling method andlanguage that can effectively convey the meaning and intent ofprocesses they characterize.1.5 This guide provides the necessary structure and formal-ity for identifying and capturing key info
6、rmation needs toassess manufacturing performance, yet provides no detailsabout an actual assessment of the process performance.1.6 This guide provides an approach to link individual UMPinformation models together to create a network or system ofUMP models that extends the characterization of environ
7、men-tal aspects beyond an individual process to a production systemor the product itself.1.7 This guide may be used to complement other standardsthat address sustainability and the product life cycle. Thisguide most closely relates to the inventory component asdiscussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO
8、14044) standards, andresource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series(ISO 55001) standards.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all of the securityissues and the risks associated with manufacturing informa-tion. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to followpractices a
9、nd establish appropriate information technologyrelated security measures.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
10、the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of BuildingsE2986 Guide for Evaluation of Environmental Aspects ofSustainability of Manufacturing Processes2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 224
11、00-1:2014 Automation systems and integrationKey Performance Indicators (KPIs) for manufacturingoperations management; Part 1: Overview, concepts, andterminologyISO 14040 Environmental managementLife cycle assess-mentPrinciples and frameworkISO 14044 Environmental managementLife cycle assess-mentRequ
12、irements and guidelinesISO 55000:2014 Asset managementOverview, principlesand terminologyISO 55001:2014 Asset managementManagement systemsRequirements2.3 UL Standard:4ULE 880 Sustainability for Manufacturing Organizations1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainabilityan
13、d is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.13 on Sustainable Manufac-turing.Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published March 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E3012-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
14、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4Avail
15、able from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C):eXtensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 Recommenda-tion5W3C XML
16、 Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.163. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms shall be in accordance with Termi-nology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 composability, nthe ability to link individual unitmanufacturing processes together to create a network or systemof UMP
17、s that can characterize the environmental aspects of aproduction system or product.3.2.2 key performance indicator (KPI), na quantifiablemeasure or a set of quantifiable measures that a company orindustry uses to gauge or compare performance in terms ofmeeting their operational and strategic goals.I
18、SO 22400-1:20143.2.3 unit manufacturing process (UMP), nthe smallestelement or sub-process in manufacturing that adds valuethrough the modification or transformation of shape, structure,or property of input material or workpiece.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe UMP is a clearly-scoped and well-defined manufact
19、uring process that produces a component,assembly, or product.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide provides manufacturers a systematic ap-proach for characterizing the environmental aspects of manu-facturing processes utilizing formal representations.NOTE 1A UMP is formally represented using languag
20、es such aseXtensible Markup Language (XML), Unified Modeling Language(UML), or Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to facilitate dataexchange, computability, sharing, and communication with other manu-facturing and analysis applications. These capabilities support manufac-turers in evaluating, documen
21、ting, and improving performance.4.2 This guide provides the required structure and formal-ism to ensure consistency in characterizing manufacturingprocesses in a computer-interpretable way enabling effectivecommunication, computational analytics, and exchange ofperformance information.NOTE 2This gui
22、de will promote new tool development that can linkmanufacturing information and analytics for calculating the desiredenvironmental performance measures.4.3 The guide supports the development of tools to improvedecision support capabilities while facilitating the developmentand extension of standardi
23、zed data and information bases suchas Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) (ISO 14040 series).NOTE 3Data collected within manufacturing enterprises can be usedto build enterprise-or-sector-specific databases that complement or extendLCI databases (ULE 880). This approach will improve the relevancy andcomplete
24、ness of the data while retaining key links to Life CycleAssessment (LCA) methods.5. Unit Manufacturing Process Representation5.1 The UMP representation utilizes graphical and formalmethods in constructing UMP information models for charac-terizing the environmental aspects of manufacturing processes
25、.Formal methods for acquiring and exchanging information willlead to better consistency in these characterizations and helpestablish a consolidated database of environmental measure-ments. Consistency of the characterizations will ensure effec-tive communication of computational analytics and sharin
26、g ofsustainability data.5.2 The graphical representation (Fig. 1) is comprised offour elements (inputs, outputs, product and processinformation, and resources) to systematically identify, collect,structure, and visualize manufacturing information. Structuredinformation of manufacturing processes fac
27、ilitates dataexchange, sharing, and communication with other manufactur-ing applications such as modeling, simulation, and analysistools. It can provide process specific information to LCIdatabases that will support a more detailed and accurate LCA.5.3 To achieve formal representations of manufactur
28、ingprocesses, UMPs require the adoption of a formal modelingmethod or language to effectively convey the meaning andintent of processes they characterize. The complete XSDschema XML Schema Definition Language intended for anXML XML 1.0 implementation of UMPs is presented inAppendix X1.5.4 The basic
29、building blocks of XML Schemas consists ofelements and attributes. Elements can also contain otherelements, that is, child elements. A data type defines the validcontent that child elements and attributes contain.5.5 Table 1 presents the basic elements used in creating aUMP. Fig. 1 presents the rela
30、tionships between these basicelements. Besides the attributes, name, description, and type ofthe UMP, the remaining part of the graphical representation(Fig. 1) is captured in the schema as child elements andincludes input (see 5.5.1), output (5.5.2), feedback (5.5.3),product and process information
31、 (5.5.4), resource information(5.5.5), and transformation (5.5.6 and 6.5). The UMP Namemust be unique among the UMP child elements.5.5.1 InputIncludes all inputs that enter the UMP such asmaterial (for example, raw materials or work-in-progress),consumables (for example, lubrication or forced air),
32、energyand external factors (such as temperature, humidity,particulates, vibration, and shocks) that occur during themanufacture of a product. In the schema, Inputs are describedwith attributes name, type, description, category, and unit.Type defines the material or energy used as input; it can also
33、be“feedback” which implies that a feedback can be connected.Description is a free text explanation. Category classifies theinput and can be Energy, Material, Consumables, or otherexternal factors. Unit quantifies the input to enableconversions, for example, energy, material, or water use.5.5.2 Outpu
34、tIncludes all outputs that exit the UMP modelsuch as products, by-products, waste, and emissions. Output ofone UMP model can be an input to another UMP model. In theschema, Outputs are described with attributes name, type,category, and unit. Type defines the output such as material or5http:/www.w3.o
35、rg/TR/xml.6http:/www.w3.org/XML/Schema.E3012 162energy. Category classifies the output and can be Product,By-product, Waste, or Emission. Unit quantifies the output toenable conversions, for example, energy, material, or wateruse.5.5.3 FeedbackA feedback is a specific Output of thecurrent process st
36、atus. Feedback can be used as input back tothe current UMP, to another UMP, or to other sets of UMPsmodels. The element is defined using a name and a unit. Unitquantifies the value to enable conversions, for example, energy,material, or water use.5.5.4 Product and Process InformationIncludes relevan
37、tinformation to enable the transformation (5.5.6) calculations ofmaterial, energy, and information. This includes items such aspart geometry, material properties, control programs, andprocess plans. The schema ProductProcessInformation de-scribes attributes name, category, description, value, and un
38、it.Category classifies the Product and Process Information and isuser defined. Value defines a number. Unit quantifies the valueunit to enable conversions.5.5.5 Manufacturing ResourceIncludes process resourcessuch as equipment, fixtures, tooling, and inspection gauges.The schema element ResourceInfo
39、rmation describes attributesFIG. 1 Graphical Representation of UMP InformationTABLE 1 Element Description for UMPAttribute Datatype Descriptionname String A unique name to identify the UMPdescription String A freetext description of the UMPtype String A specific UMP type, for example,machining, cast
40、ing, moldingChild ElementsInput Element See Table 2Output Element See Table 3Feedback Element See Table 4ProductProcessInformation Element See Table 5ResourceInformation Element See Table 6Transformation Element See Table 7TABLE 2 Element Description for InputAttribute Datatype Descriptionname Strin
41、g A unique name to identify theChild within the UMP modeldescription String A freetext description of the Inputtype String The type of Input, for example,electricity, steelbar, oxygen, orfeedbackcategory String Energy, Material, Consumables,or Disturbancesvalue Decimal Numeric valueunit String The u
42、nit of InputE3012 163name, description, category, value, and unit. Category classi-fies the manufacturing resource and is user defined. Valuedefines the constant using a decimal number. Unit quantifiesthe value unit to enable conversions.5.5.6 TransformationDescribes the relations between in-puts an
43、d outputs. Transformation currently includes the ele-ment equation as shown in schema (Appendix X1). However,the schema can be extended with other types oftransformations, for example, code for simulation or complexfunctions (6.5).An Equation element calculates inputs, outputs,and feedbacks, using l
44、inear equations, with operators such as *,/, +, -, , ( ). The attribute set for equations defines a collectionof equations. The Category of equation calculates material,energy, or information transformations6. Process Characterization Methodology6.1 The UMP graphical representation is illustrated in
45、 Fig.1. This is the first step in the Process CharacterizationMethodology. Section 7 defines composability, the essentialcapability required for creating a network of linked UMPmodels through which specific production plans for a part,assembly, or a product (Fig. 2) can be defined.6.2 The Process Ch
46、aracterization Methodology supportsmanufacturers in deriving specific UMP models for character-izing the environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.The Process Characterization Methodology is comprised of thesteps described in 6.3 through 6.5.6.3 Identify UMPs and KPIs:6.3.1 Select appropriate
47、 UMP/s to be characterized (forexample, Fig. 2).6.3.2 Specify the boundary (Guide E2986) that encom-passes one or multiple UMPs to enable the identification andselection of UMP specific elements (5.5).6.3.3 Product and process information can be common to anumber of UMPs such as material feed-rate o
48、r unique to certainUMPs such as injection molding material injection tempera-ture. Further, additional injection molding information such aspart geometry, engineering specifications, number of moldcavities, and material selection provide important informationon selecting the appropriate equipment, t
49、ooling, and fixtures.6.3.4 Select the appropriate KPIs ensuring process controland product conformance.6.4 Identify UMP Specific Elements:6.4.1 Using the graphical and formal representation, one canidentify and capture the essential information required todevelop the specific UMP models (Fig. 3, for example). Thisincludes the specific inputs, manufacturing resources, productand process information, and outputs for chosen UMP/s.(a) Identify the InputsThe inputs that enter the UMP caninclude intermediate products, work-in-progress (WIP), rawmat
