1、Designation: E3025 16Standard Guide forTiered Approach to Detection and Characterization of SilverNanomaterials in Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of a tiered approach fordetection and characterization of silver nanomaterials i
3、n con-sumer textile products made of any combination of natural ormanufactured fibers.1.2 This guide covers, but is not limited to, fabrics and parts(for example, thread, batting) used during the manufacture oftextiles and production of consumer textile products that maycontain silver-based nanomate
4、rials. It does not apply to analy-sis of silver nanomaterials in non-consumer textile productmatrices nor does it cover thin film silver coatings with onlyone dimension in the nanoscale.1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a resource formanufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators,
5、and others with an interest in textiles.1.4 This guide is presented in the specific context ofmeasurement of silver nanomaterials; however, the structuredapproach described herein is applicable to other nanomaterialsused to treat consumer textile products.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be
6、regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and det
7、ermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD6413 Test Method for Flame Resistance of Textiles (Ver-tical Test)2.2 AATCC Standards:3AATCC 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after HomeLaundering2.3 IS
8、O Standards:4ISO 10136-1 Glass and GlasswareAnalysis of ExtractSolutionsPart 1: Determination of Silicon Dioxide byMolecular Absorption SpectrometryISO 16140 Microbiology of Food and Animal FeedingStuffsProtocol for the Validation ofAlternative MethodsISO/IEC Guide 99 International Vocabulary of Met
9、rologyBasic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM)ISO/DTR 18196 NanotechnologiesMeasurement Tech-nique Matrix for the Characterization of Nano-ObjectsISO/TS 80004-1 NanotechnologiesVocabularyPart 1:Core Terms2.4 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:516 CFR Parts 1615 and 1616 Standards for the
10、Flammabilityof Childrens Sleepwear3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor additional definitions related totextiles, see Terminology D123; for additional definitionsrelated to nanotechnology, see ISO/TS 80004-1; and foradditional definitions related to measurements, see ISO/IECGuide 99.3.1.1 analyte, nelem
11、ent or constituent to be determined.ISO 10136-13.1.2 consumer textile product, ntextile product intendedto satisfy human wants and needs. D1233.1.3 manufactured fiber, nclass name for various generaof filament, tow, or staple produced from fiber-forming sub-stances that may be: (1) polymers synthesi
12、zed from chemical1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 on Nanotech-nology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.06 on Nano-EnabledConsumer Products.Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. DOI: 10.1520/E3025-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
13、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, R
14、esearch Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http:/www.aatcc.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC
15、 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1compound, (2) modified or transformed natural polymers, or(3) glass. D1233.1.4 measurand, nquantity intended to be measured or aquantity that is bei
16、ng determined by measurement. ISO/IECGuide 993.1.5 nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimen-sion in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surfacestructure in the nanoscale. ISO/TS 80004-13.1.6 nanoscale, nrange from approximately 1 to 100 nm.ISO/TS 80004-13.1.7 natural fiber, nclass n
17、ame for various genera offibers (including filaments) of (1) animal, (2) mineral, or (3)vegetable origin. D1233.1.8 qualitative method, nmethod of analysis whoseresponse is either the presence or absence of the analytedetected either directly or indirectly in a certain amount ofsample. ISO 161403.1.
18、9 quantitative method, nmethod of analysis whoseresponse is the amount of the analyte measured either directly(enumeration in a mass or a volume), or indirectly (colourabsorbance, impedance, etc.) in a certain amount of sample.ISO 161403.1.10 textile, ngeneral term for fibers, yarn intermediates,yar
19、ns, fabrics, and products that retain all the strength,flexibility, and other typical properties of the original fibers orfilaments. D1233.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 characterization, nidentification and quantificationof one or more relevant physical or chemical property
20、values ofthe analyte.3.2.2 detection, nqualitative recognition of the presenceof the target analyte in a sample.3.2.3 silver, nelement with atomic number 47 that can bein the form of ions, metallic or zero-valent (Ag0), alloys, oxide,or salt compounds, or combination thereof.4. Significance and Use4
21、.1 Natural and manufactured textiles fibers can be treatedwith chemicals to provide enhanced antimicrobial (fungi,bacteria, viruses) properties. In some cases, silver nanomate-rials may be used to treat textile fibers (1).6Silver nanomate-rials are used to treat a wide array of consumer textile prod
22、ucts,including but not limited to various clothing; primary garments(shirts, pants), outer wear (gloves, jackets), inner wear (socksand underwear), childrens clothing (sleepwear); childrensplush toys; bath towels and bedding (sheets, pillows); andmedical devices (wound dressings) (2).4.2 There are m
23、any different chemical and physical forms ofsilver that are used to treat textiles and an overview of thistopic is provided in Appendix X1.4.3 Several applicable techniques for detection and charac-terization of silver are listed and described in Appendix X2 sothat users of this guide may understand
24、 the suitability of aparticular technique for their specific textile and silver mea-surement need.4.4 There are many different reasons to assay for silvernanomaterials in a textile at any point in a products life cycle.For example, a producer may want to verify that a textile meetstheir internal qua
25、lity control specifications or a regulator maywant to understand the properties of silver nanomaterials usedto make a consumer textile product under their jurisdiction orwhat quantity of silver nanomaterial is potentially available forrelease from the treated textile during a washing process.Regardl
26、ess of the specific reason, a structured approach todetect and characterize silver nanomaterials present in a textilewill facilitate measurements and data comparison.4.5 The approach presented in this guide (see Fig. 1)consists of three sequential tiers: obtain a textile sample(Section 7), detection
27、 of a silver nanomaterial (Section 8), andcharacterization of a silver nanomaterial (Section 9). If noforms of silver are detected in a textile sample using appropri-ate (fit for purpose) analytical techniques then testing can beterminated. If silver is detected but present in a non-nanoscaleform, t
28、he textile can be treated as a bulk material; however,there still may be potential for release of silver ions thattransform into nanoscale silver-containing particles. If silver isdetected in nanoscale form it can be concluded that it is a silvernanomaterial in the textile sample and subsequent meas
29、ure-ments can be made to characterize its chemical and physicalproperties.4.6 Numerous techniques are available for the detection andcharacterization of silver nanomaterials in textiles which cancause confusion for those interested in developing an analyticalstrategy and selecting appropriate techni
30、ques. Some techniquesare applicable only to certain chemical forms of silver and allhave limited ranges of applicability with respect to a mea-surand. No single technique is suitable to both detect and fullycharacterize silver nanomaterials in textiles.As such, this guideis an attempt to describe an
31、d define a tiered approach that usescommercially available measurement techniques so thatmanufacturers, producers, analysts, policymakers, regulators,and others may make informed and appropriate choices inassaying silver nanomaterials in textiles within a standardizedframework. The user is cautioned
32、 that this guide does notpurport to address all conceivable textile analysis scenarios andmay not be appropriate for all situations. In these instances,professional judgment is necessary.4.7 This guide is intended to provide a tiered approach to beused to determine an efficacious and efficient proce
33、dure fordetecting and characterizing silver in textiles to make adetermination as to whether any silver nanomaterial is present.This tiered approach may also be used to determine whether areported measurand for silver nanomaterials in a textile wasobtained in an appropriate and meaningful way.4.8 Me
34、asurement of many material properties is methoddependent. As such, caution is required when comparing datafor the same measurand from instruments that operate ondifferent physical or chemical principles or with differentmeasurement ranges.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of refer
35、ences at the end ofthis standard.E3025 1624.9 The amount of silver in a textile has a tendency todecrease over time as silver metal and silver compounds canreact with oxygen and other oxidation-reduction (redox) activeagents present in the environment to form soluble ionicspecies. These ions are rel
36、eased by contact with moisture (forexample, from ambient humidity, washing, body sweat, rain, orother sources). As described in Appendix X1, release of ionicsilver species may occur at varying rates that depend on manycharacteristics, including chemical nature, surface area,crystallinity, and shape
37、of the silver source as well as where thesilver is applied to the textile (on the fiber surface, in thevolume of the fiber, and so forth) and in what form the silveris applied to the textile (discrete particles, with carriers, and soforth). Hence, if silver is detected in a textile and its propertie
38、scharacterized, the result may only be indicative of that momentin the articles life cycle and great care is necessary in drawingtemporal inferences from the results.4.10 Textile acquisition, storage, handling, and preparationcan also affect reported results.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent-
39、grade chemicals should beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents should conform to the specifications of theCommittee on Analytical Reagents of the American ChemicalSociety where such specifications are available.7Other gradesmay be used, provided it is first a
40、scertained that the reagent isof sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lesseningthe accuracy of the determination.6. Tiered Approach6.1 A tiered approach is a cost-effective strategy that usesprogressively more specialized instrumentation to elucidate7Reagent Chemicals, American Chemica
41、l Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharm
42、acopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 1 Tiered Approach for Determining if a Textile Contains a Silver NanomaterialE3025 163whether a silver nanomaterial is present in a textile and tomeasure its chemical and physical properties (see Fig. 1) (3).6.2 Initially, a robust bulk analytical
43、technique is used forqualitative detection of silver regardless of form (for example,Ag0, AgCl) or size in a textile specimen.6.3 If silver is detected in a textile specimen, additionalmeasurements are made to determine if it is a silver nanoma-terial.6.4 Results from these measurements should provi
44、de theuser with sufficient data to decide whether a silver nanomate-rial is present in a textile.6.5 If a silver nanomaterial is present in a textile, comple-mentary and confirmatory techniques are used to characterizeits chemical and physical properties.7. Sampling7.1 The first step of the tiered a
45、pproach is to obtain a textilethat is representative of the life-cycle stage for which measure-ment is needed using an appropriate sampling strategy (Fig. 1).Depending upon the users specific measurement need, atextile may be obtained from the fabric-processing stage,finishing treatment stage, finis
46、hed lot or end-product stage, orany other part of its life cycle. Considerations should also begiven to obtain threads, decorative trim, and other componentsused to assemble a textile product. The sampling plan shouldbe fit for its intended purpose and just good enough to deliverthe required or spec
47、ified variation for a heterogeneous material.7.2 Once obtained, the desired number of representativesamples need to be cut from the textile using an appropriatesampling strategy that captures the areas that contain silvernanomaterials. In the absence of knowledge about the distri-bution of silver in
48、 a textile, a conservative approach is toassume that any silver is distributed heterogeneously untilproven otherwise. If the distribution of silver in a textile isknown or assumed to be heterogeneous, the user should cutsamples to capture this variability using some form of randomsampling that descr
49、ibes the measurement distribution for theirspecific needs. A power calculation can be used to estimate thenumber of samples needed to achieve a desired level ofprecision.7.2.1 The locations and dimensions of samples will alsodepend upon the size of the specific textile article; they may becut from a portion of a large textile (for example, bed linens,pants) or it may be the entire textile for smaller articles (forexample, finger or palm of a glove).7.3 Finally, a desired number of test specimens are cut fromeach representative sample. If the distributi
