1、Designation: E3048 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of Time to Burn-Through Using theIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL) Radiant Panel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This fire-test-response test method assesses the respon
3、seof materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels ofheat flux with an external igniter.1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by thistest method include the ignitability and time to burn-through ofmaterials, products, and assemblies under well ventilatedconditions.1.3 Heat
4、, smoke, and mass loss rate are not within the scopeof this test method, but are addressed by Test Method E1623.1.3.1 This test method uses the same burner as that de-scribed in Test Method E1623. Two burner types are described(Burner A and Burner B).1.4 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux
5、 up to 50kW/m2in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite thecombustible vapors from the specimen.1.5 This test method has been developed for evaluations,design, or research and development of materials, products, orassemblies, or for code compliance. The specimen shall betested in thick
6、nesses and configurations representative of actualend product or system uses.1.6 Limitations of the test method are listed in 5.7.1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itsel
7、f incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.9 The values stated i
8、n SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicabil
9、ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific information about hazards is given in Section 7.1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internation
10、al Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire Expe
11、rimentsE906/E906M Test Method for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using a Ther-mopile MethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Ther
12、malParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology E176.3.1.2 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time (see also initial te
13、st heat flux).3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354, E1623,orE906/E906M) and1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibil
14、ity of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E3048-16. DOI:10.1520/E3048-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
15、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade
17、 Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1then reported as the incident heat flux, with the understandingthat the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat flux to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asde
18、scribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical units are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.1.3 initial test heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.1.4
19、orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing.3.1.5 time to sustained flaming, nperiod of time from startof test to commencement of the first period of flaming lastinglong enough to qualify as sustained flaming (see sustainedflaming).3.2 Definitions of Te
20、rms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn-through, noccurrence of sustained flaming onthe unexposed side of the test specimen.3.2.2 ignitability, nthe propensity to ignition, as measuredby the time to sustained flaming, in seconds, at a specified heatflux.3.2.3 sustained flaming, nexistence of flame
21、on or overthe specimen surface for periods of at least 5 s.3.2.3.1 DiscussionFlaming of less than 5 s duration isidentified as flashing or transitory flaming.3.2.4 time to burn-through, ntime elapsed from the start ofthe test until burn-through, in seconds.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This is a test
22、 method designed to measure the time toburn-through (that is, the time to sustained flaming on theunexposed side) of a 1 m2specimen in a vertical orientation.The specimen is exposed on one side to a uniform heat fluxfrom a gas fired radiant panel of up to 50 kW/m2. Tests areconducted with piloted ig
23、nition. Piloted ignition results fromapplying wire igniters at the top and bottom of the testspecimen.4.2 Other measurements can be obtained such as time tosustained flaming on the exposed side, surface temperature,and the specimens interior temperatures at the users discre-tion.4.3 Each specimen sh
24、all be exposed to a uniform heat fluxon the exposed face using a radiant panel configurationdescribed in Test Method E1623 with a heat flux of up to 50kW/m2. The time to burn-through shall be recorded for eachspecimen.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the tim
25、eto burn-through and the time to ignition of materials, products,and assemblies.5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of anassembly shall be included in a specimen when these detailsare part of normal design.5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products nothaving an ideally pl
26、anar external surface. The heat flux shall beadjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance ofthe surface from the radiant panel.5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or
27、the end-use conditions arechanged, it is not always possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured.Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposureconditions described in this procedure.5.5 Representative materials and thicknesses s
28、hall be in-cluded in a specimen when these details are part of normaldesign.5.6 This method can also be used for research and develop-ment of various material types to be included in larger-scalefire test assemblies (for example, Test Methods E119).5.7 Test Limitations:5.7.1 The test results have li
29、mited validity if: (a) thespecimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b)explosive spalling occurs.5.7.2 Report observations of specimens that sag, deform, ordelaminate.6. Apparatus6.1 GeneralTwo burner designs are permitted (Burner Aor Burner B). See Test Method E1623 Section 6 Appara
30、tus fora description of the radiant panel system.6.2 Although heat and smoke release rates are not measuredfor this procedure, combustion products shall be collected andexhausted for laboratory safety purposes. Construct the exhaustcollection system as described in Test Method E1623 exceptfor the in
31、strumentation.6.2.1 Ensure that the system for exhausting smoke (whichincludes gaseous combustion products) is designed in such away that the combustion products leaving the burning speci-men are exhausted.6.3 Thermocouples(not required - optional - see AnnexA1):6.3.1 Specimen temperature measuremen
32、ts are optional. Ifspecimen temperatures are measured, all thermocouples shallcomply with Annex A1.6.4 Heat Flux MeterThe total heat flux meter shall be ofthe Gardon (foil) or Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type3, with adesign range of about 50 kW/m2. The target receivingradiation, and possibly to a s
33、mall extent convection, shall beflat, circular, approximately 12.5 mm in diameter, and coatedwith a durable matt-black finish. The target shall be watercooled. Radiation shall not pass through any window beforereaching the target. The instrument shall be robust, simple toset up and use, and stable i
34、n calibration. The instrument shallhave an accuracy of within 63 % and a repeatability of within60.5 %.3These apparatus have been found satisfactory for this purpose.E3048 1727. Hazards7.1 The test procedures involve high temperatures andcombustion processes. Therefore the potential exists for burns
35、,ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, and for inhalation ofcombustion products. The operator shall use protective glovesand clothes while removing the specimen shield and whilemoving the specimen trolley toward or away from the radiantpanels. The construction of a viewing wall with windows is
36、recommended for laboratories with small spaces where theoperator and viewers cannot move far enough away from thearea of the radiant panel.7.2 The water cooled shield placed in front of the radiantpanel assembly dramatically lowers the heating of the labora-tory space and lowers the potential for ha
37、rm to operatorsworking in the area.8. Test Specimens8.1 Size and Preparation:8.1.1 Test specimens dimensions shall be 1000 by1000 mm and up to 152 mm in thickness. Use the specimenholder as described in Test Method E1623. If specimens ofthickness greater than 152 mm are to be tested, a specimenholde
38、r shall be constructed to accommodate the desired speci-men thickness. They shall be representative of the constructionof the end-use product.Test materials and assemblies of normalthickness, 152 mm or less, using their full thickness.8.1.2 If a product is designed to normally have joints in afield
39、application, then that specimen shall incorporate the jointdetail. Center the joint in the specimens vertical or horizontalcenterline as appropriate.Also test the specimen without a jointdetail if the design does not include a joint.8.1.3 Cover the edges of the specimen with 12 mm ceramicwool blanke
40、t to eliminate the gap between the holder and thespecimen.8.2 ConditioningThe test specimen shall be conditionedto a constant weight at a temperature of 23 6 2.8 C (73.4 65 F) and at a relative humidity of 50 6 5%.9. Calibration9.1 Use calibrated instruments. The instruments required tobe calibrated
41、 or verified include the infrared pyrometer, heatflux meter, computerized data acquisition system, and thermo-couples.9.2 Heat Flux/Distance Relationship:9.2.1 Ignite the radiant panel and allow it to come toequilibrium as indicated by its constant heat flux and surfacetemperature.9.2.1.1 Use the ca
42、libration panel specimen described in TestMethod E1623.9.2.2 Generate a curve of average heat flux measurementsover the calibration panel surface versus distance from theradiant panel. Place the calibration panel in the same positionas a specimen and insert the flux meter from the unexposedface thro
43、ugh the holes. The target face of the flux meter shallextend 15 mm toward the radiant panel from the exposedsurface of the calibration panel to minimize the convective heattransfer contribution. After the heat flux has come toequilibrium, make the heat flux measurements with the targetface of the he
44、at flux meter at the following distance away fromthe radiant panel: 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 2000 mm. Iflower heat fluxes than the one corresponding toa2mdistanceare used, continue calibrating until past the needed distance.9.2.3 No individual heat flux measurement shall deviatefrom the average
45、 at each of the distances by more than 66%.The average heat flux measurements in the bottom row of thecalibration panel shall not deviate from that in any of the heatflux values used by more than 65%.9.2.4 Use the curve generated in 9.2.2 to determine thedistance from the radiant panel for a desired
46、 radiant heat fluxexposure.9.2.5 Perform calibration every three months or more fre-quently if any significant changes to equipment are made or ifcalibration is suspect. Check the calibration at the desiredtarget heat flux the day of the test.9.3 Heat Flux MeterCheck the calibration of the heat flux
47、meter whenever a recalibration of the apparatus is carried outby comparison with an instrument (of the same type as theworking heat flux meter and of similar range) held as areference standard and not used for any other purpose. Fullycalibrate the reference standard at a standardizing laboratory aty
48、early intervals.10. Procedure10.1 Preparation:10.1.1 Open the water valve to the steel tubing that supportthe radiant panel and adjust the water flow sufficiently highsuch that water exiting the frame will not exceed 100 C intemperature.10.1.2 Position the specimen holder assembly remote to thedesir
49、ed test location.10.1.3 Place the water cooled shield in front of the radiantpanel assembly and adjust the water flow sufficiently high suchthat water exiting the shield will not exceed 100 C intemperature.10.1.4 Turn on the flow of gas to each of the radiant panelsand ignite them.10.1.5 Allow the burners to operate for 30 min prior totesting.10.1.6 Adjust the water flow to the frame and shield asrequired in 10.1.1 and 10.1.3.10.1.7 Turn on all sampling and recording devices.10.1.8 Insert the specimen into the specimen holder. Placethe specimen in the specimen h
