1、Designation: E3053 17Standard Test Method forDetermining Particulate Matter Emissions from WoodHeaters Using Cordwood Test Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operatingprotocol for determining average particulate matter e
3、missionsfrom wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplaceinserts as well as options for determining heat output,efficiency, and carbon monoxide emissions.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to S
4、I units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental pra
5、ctices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Refer to 4.3.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standa
6、rds, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D7438 Practice for Field Calibration and Application ofHand-Held Moisture MetersE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE631 Terminology of Building
7、 ConstructionsE2515 Test Method for Determination of Particulate MatterEmissions Collected by a Dilution TunnelE2780 Test Method for Determining Particulate MatterEmissions from Wood Heaters2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/UL-103 Standard for Factory-Built Chimneys forResidential Type and Building Heating A
8、ppliances3CSA B415.1 Performance testing of solid-fuel-burning heat-ing appliances4NIST Monograph 175 Temperature-Electromotive ForceReference Functions and Tables for the Letter-DesignatedThermocouple Types Based on the ITS-9052.3 ASTM Adjunct:6Adjunct to ASTM E3053, Excel7Files for CordwoodCalcula
9、tor and Wood Heater Cordwood Test Summary3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of general terms related to buildingconstruction used in this test method, refer to TerminologyE631.3.1.2 For definitions of general terms related to fire testingused in this test method, refer to Terminolog
10、y E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 burn rate, nthe rate at which fuel is consumed in awood heater.3.2.2 combustion air control, nan air control device thatregulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intended topromote pyrolysis of the fuel load.3.2.3 cordwood, nco
11、nventional firewood, it is typicallyround wood 12 to 24 in. (300 to 600 mm) long that has beensplit into triangular, half-round, quarter-round, wedge-shaped,or trapezoidal segments.3.2.4 firebox, nthe chamber in the wood heater in whichthe test fuel load is placed and combusted.3.2.5 firebox height,
12、 nunless otherwise specified in themanufacturers written instructions included with the heater,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.Current edition approved
13、 Sept. 15, 2017. Published October 2017. DOI:10.1520/E3053-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
14、.3Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.4Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,Toronto, ON, Canada M9W 1R3, http:/www.csagroup.org.5Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Burea
15、u Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.6Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE305317-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2017.7Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the
17、World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1firebox height is the vertical distance extending above theloading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, butnot more than 2 in. (50 mm) above the top (peak height) of theloading door, to the floor of the firebox, (that
18、 is, below apermanent grate) if the grate allows a 1-in. (25-mm) diameterpiece of fuel to pass through the grate, or, if not, to the top ofthe grate.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFirebox height is not necessarily uni-form. Variations are caused by internal baffles, air channels, orother permanent obstructions.
19、A visible indicator or landmarkwithin the firebox that will provide a clear indication to theheater user of the maximum height that fuel should be loaded,and is specifically referenced in the manufacturers writteninstructions, may be used to determine firebox height for thepurposes of calculating us
20、able firebox volume.3.2.6 firebox length, nthe longest horizontal firebox di-mension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to beplaced in accordance with the manufacturers written instruc-tions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber, in. (mm).3.2.7 firebox width, nthe shortest horizontal
21、 firebox di-mension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to beplaced in accordance with the manufacturers written instruc-tions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber, in. (mm).3.2.8 fuel piece length, nthe nominal length of the cord-wood fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel load, in
22、. (mm).3.2.9 kindling, nsplit cordwood fuel pieces used to ignitethe start-up fuel and the test fuel load from a cold startcondition. Applies to high fire test runs only.3.2.10 manufacturers written instructions, nspecific in-formation regarding the fueling and operation proceduresrecommended by the
23、 heater manufacturer and included withthe heater at the time of testing.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThese instructions may include spe-cific kindling and fueling instructions and recommendationssuch as kindling dimensions and placement (including news-paper) and ignition, dimensions of start-up fuel pieces,
24、additionand placement of the start-up fuel, addition and placement ofthe main fuel load, position of the load door(s), and settingheater controls (including bypass dampers, if applicable) dur-ing start-up and subsequent operation. Instructions for refuel-ing a hot heater when residual fuel and charc
25、oal are present inthe firebox also may be included. These instructions must beconsistent with information provided to the heater end-user inthe owners manual but also may include information that willbe useful only during testing and not to the end-user.3.2.11 owners manual, nwritten information pro
26、vided tothe wood heater end-user regarding the proper installation andoperation of the wood heater.3.2.11.1 DiscussionIncludes recommended kindling,fueling, and operating procedures that will help the heater userto achieve the best heater emissions and efficiency perfor-mance. It also is referred to
27、 as the installation and operationguide or other equivalent title.3.2.12 particulate matter (PM), nall gas-borne matterresulting from combustion of solid fuel, as specified in this testmethod, which is collected in accordance with Test MethodE2515.3.2.13 primary combustion air control(s), nan air co
28、ntroldevice (s) that regulates airflow to the wood heater that isprimarily intended to regulate the rate of fuel consumption andheat output.3.2.13.1 DiscussionThere may be single, multiple, orautomatic primary air controls.3.2.14 residual start-up fuel, nleftover fuel present in thefirebox at the ti
29、me the test fuel load is added during high firetest runs.3.2.14.1 DiscussionMay include charcoal and partiallyburned or unburned kindling and/or start-up fuel.3.2.15 secondary combustion air control(s), nan air con-trol device(s) that regulates airflow to the wood heater that isprimarily intended to
30、 provide the additional oxygen needed topromote secondary combustion of the combustible materialsreleased during pyrolysis of the fuel.3.2.15.1 DiscussionThere may be single, multiple, orautomatic secondary combustion air controls.3.2.16 single burn rate heater, nwood heater withoutuser-adjustable p
31、rimary combustion air control(s).3.2.17 start-up fuel, nsplit cordwood pieces intended toprovide residual fuel (charcoal or partially burned wood) forignition of the test fuel load. Applies to high fire test runs only.3.2.18 test facility, nthe area in which the wood heater isinstalled, operated, an
32、d sampled for emissions and efficiency.3.2.19 test fuel load, na specified grouping of test fuelpieces.3.2.20 test fuel loading density, nthe weight of the as-firedtest fuel load per unit volume of usable firebox, lb/ft3(kg/m3).3.2.21 test fuel pieces, nthe individual cordwood piecesthat comprise th
33、e test fuel load.3.2.22 test fuel specific gravity, nthe nominal dry basis(oven dry weight and oven dry volume) specific gravity of testfuel load, kindling, and start-up fuel.3.2.23 test fuel sub-load, na division of the test fuel loadfor the sole purposes of specifying the test fuel pieces thatcomp
34、rise the test fuel load.3.2.24 test run, nan individual emission/efficiency test.3.2.25 test series, na group of test runs on the same woodheater which includes at least one test run in each burn ratecategory.3.2.26 usable firebox volume, nthe volume of the fireboxdetermined using its height, length
35、, and width as defined in thissection, ft3(m3).3.2.27 wood heater, nan enclosed, wood burning appli-ance capable of, and intended for, space heating and/ordomestic water heating. This includes wood heaters designedfor installation in a fireplace cavity, that is, fireplace inserts,and wood heaters th
36、at are built into a wall. Includes adjustableburn rate and single burn rate wood heaters.3.2.28 wood heater empty weight, nthe weight of thecleaned, dry wood heater with or without dry ash or sand addedconsistent with the manufacturers written instructions, lb (kg).E3053 1724. Summary of Test Method
37、84.1 This test method is used in conjunction with TestMethod E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueled bycordwood test fuel loads. Test runs employ either a hot-to-hotcycle or a cold-to-hot cycle depending on the burn ratecategory of the test run. The test fuel pieces must be within theallow
38、able range of specific gravity. The test fuel load weightand composition is determined based on the usable fireboxvolume of the heater. For low and medium fire test runs, acharcoal bed is established by conducting a full high fire testrun. That high fire test run may be an actual test run or may bej
39、ust for the purpose of establishing the charcoal bed for a lowor medium fire test run. The test fuel load is placed on thecharcoal bed and given time to ignite before the air control(s)is (are) set to the test run condition.4.1.1 For the low and medium fire test runs, particulateemission sampling an
40、d efficiency measurements begin imme-diately prior to addition of the test fuel load to the firebox andend when the test run is terminated in accordance with thespecifications in the method.4.1.2 For the high fire test runs, the test run for the purposesof determining emission rate or emission facto
41、r begins with acold (see 8.5.1) empty (see 8.2.1) firebox. Kindling (andcrumpled newspaper, if specified) are used to ignite start-upfuel pieces which, in turn, are used to ignite the test fuel loadfollowing manufacturers written instructions. Particulateemission sampling begins before the kindling
42、is ignited andends when the test run is terminated in accordance with thespecifications in the method.4.1.3 For low fire, medium fire, and high fire test runs,efficiency is determined on a hot-to-hot cycle and efficiencyparameter measurements begin when the test fuel load is addedto the firebox and
43、end when the test run is terminated inaccordance with the specifications in the method.4.1.4 For low fire, medium fire, and high fire test runs,average burn rate is determined on a hot-to-hot basis and isbased on the weight of the portion of the test fuel load burnedduring the test run divided by th
44、e duration of the test runbeginning when the test fuel load is added to the firebox andending when the test run is terminated. Burn rate for all testruns is adjusted to a dry fuel weight basis.4.1.5 The total particulate emissions are determined overthe test run duration. The particulate emissions r
45、ate is thendetermined from the total particulate emissions divided by theduration of the test run and is reported in grams of particulateper hour. The test run duration for the high fire test for purposesof determining particulate emission rate includes the kindlingand start-up fuel period before th
46、e test fuel load is added to thefirebox. The particulate emission factor lb/lb (g/kg) also maybe determined from the total particulate emissions divided bythe dry basis weight of the total fuel weight burned and isreported in pounds of particulate per dry pound of fuel (gramsof particulate per dry k
47、ilogram of fuel). For high fire test runs,the total test fuel weight when determining emission factorincludes any kindling and start-up fuel consumed before thetest fuel load is added less any fuel remaining at the end of thetest run.4.1.6 This test method also may be used in conjunction withAnnex A
48、1 and CSA B415.1 for determining heat output andefficiency. If heat output and efficiency are determined, par-ticulate emissions per unit of heat output also may be calcu-lated and is reported in pounds of particulate per million Btu ofheat output (grams of particulate per megajoule). For low andmed
49、ium fire test runs, the efficiency, heat output, and particu-late emissions per unit of heat output are determined on ahot-to-hot cycle. For high fire test runs, particulate emissionsare determined for the entire test run, including the cold start(kindling and start-up) portion. However, the kindling andstart-up portions of the test run are excluded from the efficiencyand heat output determination. For the determination of par-ticulate emissions per unit of heat output, a different approachmust be taken. The hot-to-hot efficiency
