1、Designation: E3069 17Standard Guide forEvaluation and Rehabilitation of Mass Masonry Walls forChanges to Thermal and Moisture Properties of the Wall1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3069; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide addresses the evaluation of existing massmasonry walls for the potenti
3、al addition of interior insulationand continuous air barrier or vapor retarder or other changes tothe thermal and moisture management properties of the wall.1.2 This guide describes methods for evaluating causes ofwater infiltration or other moisture accumulation related prob-lems specific to mass m
4、asonry walls. This guide does not applyto walls that include provisions to manage bulk water throughinternal drainage, flashings, or other measures other than themoisture storage capacity of the wall.1.3 This guide describes analysis, design, and specificationof materials with the required thermal a
5、nd vapor resistance toimprove the energy performance of an existing mass masonrywall, but that would not create problematic conditions to themasonry units or within the masonry wall or interior of thebuilding.1.4 This guide applies to walls of solid or multiwythemasonry construction meeting the requ
6、irements of a “massmasonry wall” as defined herein and having an overall thick-ness of solid masonry not less than 8 in. This guide does notapply to masonry walls that, by design, are intended to managewater as a barrier wall system or drainage wall system.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units a
7、re to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibilit
8、y of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density
9、 of BurnedRefractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC1046 Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux andTemperature on Building Envelope ComponentsC1155 Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance ofBuilding Envelope Compone
10、nts from the In-Situ DataC1498 Test Method for Hygroscopic Sorption Isotherms ofBuilding MaterialsC1794 Test Methods for Determination of the WaterAbsorp-tion Coefficient by Partial ImmersionE96 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materi-alsE398 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate
11、 ofSheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Mea-surementE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE2128 Guide for Evaluating Water Leakage of BuildingWalls2.2 Other Standards:ASHRAE 160 Criteria for Moisture-Control Design Analy-sis in Buildings3International Energy Conservation Code4Secretar
12、y of The Interiors Standards for Rehabilitation51This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on BuildingPreservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2017. Published March
13、 2017. DOI: 10.1520/E3069-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society
14、 of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA30329, http:/www.ashrae.org.4Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.iccsafe.org.5Available from Technical Preserv
15、ation Services (TPS), National Park Service,1849 C Street, NW (org 2255), Washington, DC 20240, http:/www.nps.gov/tps.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internat
16、ionally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 liquid transpor
17、t coeffcient, absorptiondescribes thecapillary uptake of water (liquid moisture) when the imbibingsurface is fully wetted. In the context of building physics, thiscorresponds to rain on a facade.3.1.2 liquid transport coeffcient, redistributiondescribesthe spreading of the imbibed water when the wat
18、er source isshut off. No new water is taken up by the material, and thewater present in the material begins to redistribute. In abuilding component, this corresponds to the moisture perme-ation in the absence of rain.3.1.3 mass masonry wallsolid wall constructed of morethan one wythe of masonry incl
19、uding all types of natural andunit masonry, such as brick, stone, and concrete masonry.“Mass masonry walls” refers to the mechanism of watermanagement for the wall, specifically masonry walls with theability to store and subsequently release bulk water.3.1.4 moisturegenerally refers to the presence
20、of water ineither the liquid or vapor form.3.1.5 moisture issuesrefers to any complaint or deficiencyattributable to moisture. Typical issues include occupantdiscomfort, biological growth, corrosion, wood decay, staining,freeze-thaw damage, or other durability issue related to thepresence of moistur
21、e.3.1.6 moisture permeationa process in which moisture(water or vapor) enters, flows, spreads within, and dischargesfrom a material.3.1.7 water absorption coeffcientmass of water absorbedby a test specimen per face area and square root of time.3.2 See E631, Standard Terminology of BuildingConstructi
22、ons, for general terminology.4. Significance and Use4.1 Energy conservation is being addressed more often onexisting and historically significant buildings constructed withsolid exterior mass masonry walls. Without proper evaluation,changes to the thermal and moisture properties of the exteriorwalls
23、 could have serious negative impacts.4.2 A thorough understanding of the existing construction,condition, properties, initial moisture content, and water andair leakage potential are necessary before undertaking theaddition of interior insulation, air barrier, vapor retarder, orother changes to ther
24、mal or vapor resistance of the wall.4.3 Degradation of the existing masonry along with mois-ture related problematic conditions and indoor air qualityissues could develop if alterations are undertaken in animproper manner to the exterior wall assembly.5. Review of Project Documents5.1 Available cons
25、truction documents should be reviewedas outlined in Guide E2128.5.2 Prior to undertaking a field evaluation and, if available,the original documents from time of construction should bereviewed to determine the general wall thickness, composition,and geometry. The presence of voids or other annular s
26、paceshould be identified.5.3 Inspection reports, surveys, repair or alterationdrawings, or other available documentation should be reviewedto gain a better understanding of the current condition of theexterior walls.5.4 Since many buildings featuring mass masonry wallswere constructed prior to moder
27、n construction deliverymethods, it is recognized that construction documents aretypically non-existent or limited. As such, any availablephotographs or other documentation of the building throughouttime should be reviewed to help identify which portions of thebuilding or wall assembly is original an
28、d which portions wereadded at later times.6. Determination of Service History6.1 Using the methods outlined in Guide E2128, a thoroughevaluation of the buildings service history should be con-ducted. The following activities should be included in theevaluation:6.1.1 Documentation of physical symptom
29、s of moisturedamage or presence of moisture.6.1.2 Interviews with occupants, maintenance staff,contractors, or other first-hand observers to correlate moisturerelated issues with the building maintenance/operation historyor weather patterns, or both. Changes to the buildings me-chanical systems or m
30、echanical system operations should bepinpointed as best as possible.6.1.3 Review of maintenance and repair records for both themechanical systems and building enclosure.6.1.4 Review of vicinity weather records.6.1.5 Correlations of moisture issues with other factors suchas season of year, building e
31、levations, wall height, interiorconditions or use.7. Initial Evaluation7.1 The overall thickness of the wall should be determinedor verified with field measurements at various locationsthroughout the building.7.2 When accurate drawings of each wall section are notavailable, it will be necessary to d
32、etermine the wall composi-tion and wall assembly details of each critical or unique wallsection.7.3 Mass masonry walls historically have been constructedwith a wide range of materials to include: brick, clay tile,concrete masonry units (CMU), terra cotta, and stone.7.4 The exact wall composition sho
33、uld be verified throughsmall discrete exploratory openings. The historic integrity ofthe existing wall should be carefully evaluated when selectingthe locations to make the exploratory openings.7.5 The wall composition can be determined through acombination of exterior and interior probes, borescope
34、s, tar-geted removals, and various non-destructive testing techniques.The number and size of the openings should be kept to theminimum that is necessary to determine the composition of theE3069 172wall, but sufficient to gather pertinent information on arepresentative sample of existing construction
35、. At a minimum,the following should be recorded:7.5.1 Overall thickness of the wall;7.5.2 Type of material(s) present within the wall;7.5.3 Number of wythes;7.5.4 Thickness of each material or wythe;7.5.5 Condition and material type of each wythe;7.5.6 Presence and thickness of collar joint or voids
36、 withinthe wythes; and7.5.7 Presence of water.7.6 Examine the condition of all other materials making upthe wall assembly. Determine if there is any existing evidenceof previous freeze-thaw damage. Determine if any existingcorrosion of any metallic elements such as veneer ties orembedded structural
37、supports are present. Determine if there isany biological growth or other moisture related damage onexisting organic materials.7.7 If a collar joint is present, qualitatively assess howcomplete or full the joint is and if it is slowing moisturetransport. Consideration should be given as to whether o
38、r notthe collar joint will behave more like an air space and providea capillary break between wythes or if the space is mostly solidand will provide bridging for moisture movement betweenwythes.7.8 Qualitatively assess any air movement through andacross the assembly to determine if drying potential
39、is offeredvia convection, utilizing methods such as infraredthermography, smoke pencil, or other visual observations.7.9 Determine whether the existing masonry features anexisting coating or water repellant on interior or exteriorsurfaces. If so, determine what impact this product would haveon the p
40、ermeance and the liquid transport coefficient. Consid-eration should be given to how this product has performedhistorically and what the expected useful service life is for theproposed product.7.10 Determine representative initial moisture contents andmoisture permeation patterns of the existing wal
41、l using proce-dures described in Field Determination of Existing MoistureContent (Appendix X1).8. Evaluation of Material Properties8.1 The properties of the materials comprising the wall andalso the properties of the same type of materials within the wallcan vary widely and will result in inaccurate
42、 hygrothermalmodels if testing to determine the properties of the actualmaterial properties is not undertaken. Published generic mate-rial property data may not match the existing materials in thebuilding or structure.8.2 If possible, representative samples should either beremoved from the interior
43、from the locations of exploratoryopenings or from other discrete locations. If a solid grout orcollar joint is present, samples of such material should beincluded to determine the hygrothermal material properties.Consideration should be given to the location and number ofsamples to be removed and te
44、sted. Representative samplesshould be removed to ensure the variance in materials from thediffering elevations, floors, and wythes are evaluated.8.3 The following hygrothermal material properties shouldbe determined using testing procedures indicated. Publishedvalues for a material of similar type a
45、nd density are allowed tobe used if samples are not available or project parameters willnot afford the time for laboratory testing:8.3.1 Bulk density per Test Methods C20.8.3.2 Moisture storage function (sorption-isotherm curve)per Test Method C1498.8.3.3 Test Methods E96 (or Test Method E398 for sh
46、eetmaterials) vapor permeance at range of moisture contents todevelop the permeance as a function of moisture content.8.3.4 Porosity per Test Methods C20.8.4 The following material properties should also be deter-mined. Empirical testing required to determine these propertiescan be costly and comple
47、x. It is acceptable to determine theseproperties analytically or using engineering judgment as de-scribed.8.4.1 Heat CapacitySelected using engineering judgmentfrom published values in any of the referenced documents fora material of similar density.8.4.2 Thermal ConductivitySelected using engineeri
48、ngjudgment from published values in any of the referenceddocuments for a material of similar density.8.4.3 Water Absorption CoeffcientTest Methods C1794.8.4.4 Once the water absorption coefficient is known and themoisture content at free saturation is determined from thesorption isotherm curve, the
49、approximation of the liquidtransport coefficient (absorption and redistribution) can bedetermined.8.5 If the building is located in a region where freeze-thawdamage is of concern, the following properties should bedetermined for any material included in the wall that would besubject to freeze-thaw exposure:8.5.1 Saturation coefficient per Test Methods C67.8.5.2 50 cycle freeze-thaw test per Test Methods C67.8.6 Engineering judgment will be required to interpret theresults of the brick material testing conducted in accordancewith Test Methods C67. A direct compariso
