1、Designation: E3070 16E3070 18Standard Test Method forShear Thinning Index onof Non-Newtonian Liquids Using aConcentric Cylinder Rotational Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3070; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the determination of the shear thinning index of a sh
3、ear-rate dependent (non-Newtonian) fluidusing a cylindrical rotational viscometer. A value of the shear thinning index of unity indicates that the material is Newtonian inbehavior. A value greater than unity indicates shear thinning behavior.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as st
4、andard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental
5、practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides an
6、d Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and RheologyE1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical PropertiesE2975 Test Method for Calibration or Calibra
7、tion Verification of Concentric Cylinder Rotational Viscometers3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSpecific technical terms used in this standard method are described in Terminologies E473 and E1142including Celsius, non-Newtonian, rheometery,rheometry, viscosity, and viscometer.3.2 Definitions of Terms Sp
8、ecific to This Standard:3.2.1 shear thinning, na decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate, followed by a gradual recovery when the stress orshear rate is reduced to zero.rate.3.2.2 shear thinning index, nthe ratio of apparent viscosity at two rotational speeds or shear rates.4. Summary of Te
9、st Method4.1 For Newtonian fluids, viscosity is a linear function independent of shear rate. Non-Newtonian fluids are those for which theviscosity changes as a function of shear rate. Many materials of interest are non-Newtonian in behavior.4.2 The viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid is measured at d
10、ifferent shear rates and the values compared as their ratio. This isknown as the shear thinning index. For Newtonian fluids the shear thinning ratio is unity. For non-Newtonian fluids the shearthinning ratio increases with increasing non-Newtonian nature.4.3 The shear thinning index of non-Newtonian
11、 fluids is determined by the ratio of viscosity measurements made at tworotational speeds, preferably a decade apart.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.08 on Rheology.Current edition approved
12、 Nov. 1, 2016Aug. 1, 2018. Published November 2016October 2018. Originally approved in 2016 as E3070 16. DOI: 10.1520/E3070-16.10.1520/E3070-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvo
13、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to ade
14、quately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
15、cken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 The flow behavior of many fluids of interest is non-Newtonian in nature. Non-Newtonian behavior is best studied usingrheometry apparatus. Nonetheless, estimations on non-Newtonian behavior may be made by recording viscosity at differingro
16、tational speeds (or shear rates) using rotational viscometers.5.2 The shear thinning index provides a tool for the estimation of the amount of non-Newtonian behavior.5.3 The shear thinning index may be used in quality assessment, trouble shooting, specification acceptance, and research.6. Apparatus6
17、.1 Rotational ViscometerThe essential instrumentation required providing the minimum rotational viscometer analyticalcapabilities include:6.1.1 A drive motor, to apply a unidirectional rotational displacement to the specimen at 5 or more rates of between 0.2 r/minand 100200 r/min constant to within
18、61 %.6.1.2 A force sensor to measure the torque developed by the specimen to with 61 %.6.1.3 A coupling shaft or other means to transmit the rotational displacement from the motor to the rotational element.6.1.4 A spindle, geometry, tool, or rotational element to fix the specimen between the couplin
19、g shaft and a stationary position.6.1.5 A specimen container with the capacity to contain the test specimen during testing.NOTE 1The size of the container used is determined by the size and design of the rotational element used. The container used may be specified bymutual agreement among the partie
20、s involved. In the absence of other information, a low form Griffin beaker of 600 mL capacity shall be used.6.1.6 Atemperature sensor to provide an indication of the specimen temperature overwithin the range of 19C to 26C readableto within 60.1C.NOTE 2Other temperature ranges may be used but shall b
21、e reported.6.1.7 Adata collection device, to provide a means of acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated signals, or both.The minimum output signals required for rotational viscosity are torque, rotational speed, temperature, and time.NOTE 3Manual acquiring, storing, and displaying
22、of measured or calculated signals is permitted.6.1.8 A stand, to support, level, and raise the drive motor, shaft, and spindle.6.1.9 Auxiliary instrumentation considered useful in conducting this test method includes:6.1.9.1 Data analysis capability to provide viscosity, stress, or other useful quan
23、tities derived from measured signals.6.1.9.2 A level to indicate the vertical plumb of the drive motor, shaft, and spindle.6.1.9.3 A guard to protect the spindle from mechanical damage.6.2 A temperature bath to provide a controlled isothermal temperature environment for the specimen readable to with
24、in60.01C over60.1C within the temperature range of 19C to 26C.NOTE 4Other temperatures may be used but shall be reported.7. Preparation and Calibration of Apparatus7.1 Perform any viscometer preparation or calibration procedures described in the operations manual.7.2 If not previously performed, ver
25、ify the calibration of the viscosity signal using Test Method E2975.8. Procedure8.1 Select a rotational viscometer and spindle suited to the viscosity range of the test material such that the spindle operatingat its maximum rotational speed results in a torque reading near full scale torque.8.2 Inst
26、all the viscometer as described in the operations manual.8.3 Pour a sufficient quantity of the test specimen into the container to cover the immersed spindle to the level indicated by theoperations manual.8.4 Slowly immerse the spindle into the test specimen to the depth recommended by the operation
27、s manual.8.5 Equilibrate the test specimen and container until its temperature rate of change is less than 0.1C in 10 min.8.6 Start the viscometer motor at the 0.2 r/min. Increase the speed until the torque reading is a minimum but greater than10 % full scale. Maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s. Recor
28、d the rotational speed and the torque according to the operations manual.8.7 Without stopping the motor, increase the rotational speed by approximately 50 % and maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s.Record the rotational speed and torque.8.8 Repeat step 8.7 until the maximum readable torque (up to 100 %
29、full scale) is achieved.8.9 Decrease the rotational speed by approximately 70 % and maintain this speed for 60 6 2 s. Record the rotational speed andthe torque.E3070 182NOTE 5The same rotational speeds shall be used when increasing and decreasing speeds.8.10 Repeat step 8.9 until the torque reading
30、falls below15 %.8.11 Using the rotational speed and torque data from steps 8.6 to 8.10, prepare a display of rotational speed on the X-axis versustorque (or viscosity) on the Y-axis. A non-linear display indicates the shear-rate dependency of the materials.8.12 Determine the shear thinning index fro
31、m the torque values at any two rotational speeds using Eq 1. Report this value andthe rotational speeds.NOTE 6Rotational speeds that differ by an order of magnitude are commonly selected (for example, 2 r/min and 20 r/min). The rotational speed forthe measurement of shear thinning index shall be sel
32、ected by agreement among the parties involved.9. Calculation9.1 Shear thinning index (STI) is given by Eq 1:STI 5lower higher atlower andhigher (1)where:STI = shear thinning index (dimensionless),lower = apparent viscosity at the lower rotational speed,higher = apparent viscosity at the higher rotat
33、ional speed,lower = lower rotational speed, andhigher = higher rotational speed.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the test specimen.10.1.2 Complete identification of the rotational viscometer to including manufacturer, model, and spindle identification
34、.10.1.3 Any conditioning procedure employed in preparation of the test specimen for testing.10.1.4 Time elapsed between various operations in preparation of the test specimen and between spindle immersion and the startof the test.10.1.5 The shear thinning index at two different rotation speeds. For
35、example:ST I2 and 20 rmin!580mPa-s20mPa-s54 (2)STI2 and 20 rmin!580 mPa-s20 mPa-s54 (2)10.1.6 The temperature at which the measurement was made.10.1.7 The dated version of this test method used.11. Precision and Bias11.1 An interlaboratory study is planned between 2018 and 2021 to establish within-l
36、aboratory repeatability, between-laboratoryreproducibility, and bias. Anyone wishing to participate in this interlaboratory study may contact the ASTM E37 Staff Managerat ASTM Headquarters.11.2 Precision:11.2.1 Alimited repeatability study was performed in 2015 using a single non-Newtonian fluid in
37、a single laboratory.The resultsof this study is reported in a research report.are being filed at ASTM Headquarters.3 The repeatability standard deviation of thisintralaboratory study was 1.4 %.11.2.2 Within laboratory variability may be described using the repeatability value (r) obtained by multipl
38、ying the standarddeviation by 2.8. The repeatability value estimates the 95 % confidence limit. That is, two values obtained in the same laboratory,using the same apparatus, on the same specimen, closely spaced in time have a 95 % probability of being within the repeatabilityvalue of each other.11.3
39、 Bias:11.3.1 Bias is the difference between the determined value and that of the known value for a materials.11.3.2 There are no reference materials of established shear thinning index known to the committee at this time. Bias of thistest method is therefore unknown.3 Supporting data have beenare be
40、ing filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report International. RR:E37-1048. ContactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.E3070 18312. Keywords12.1 apparent viscosity; rotational viscometer; rotational viscosity; shear thinning index; viscosityASTM In
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