1、Designation: E3089 17Standard Guide forNanotechnology Workforce Education in Material Propertiesand Effects of Size1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3089; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides a framework for a basic workforceeducation in material properties at the nanoscale, to be taug
3、htat an undergraduate college level. This education should bebroad to prepare an individual to serve within one of the manyareas in nanotechnology research, development, or manufac-turing.1.2 This guide may be used to develop or evaluate aneducation program for unique material properties and theirap
4、plications in the nanotechnology field. This guide provideslistings of key topics that should be covered in a nanotechnol-ogy education program on this subject, but it does not providespecific course material to be used in such a program. Thisapproach is taken in order to allow workforce educationen
5、tities to ensure their programs cover the required materialwhile also enabling these institutions to tailor their programs tomeet the needs of their local employers.1.3 While no units of measurements are used in this guide,values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard do
6、es not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This standard d
7、oes not purport to address all of thetechniques, materials, and concepts needed for material prop-erties and applications. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to utilize other knowledge and skill objectives asapplicable to local conditions or required by local regulations.1.6 This i
8、nternational standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TB
9、T) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2456 Terminology Relating to NanotechnologyE2996 Guide for Workforce Education in NanotechnologyHealth and Safety2.2 Other Standards:3ISO/TS 80004-2 Nanotechnologies Vocabulary Part 2:Nano-Objects3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definit
10、ions of terms related to nanotechnology ingeneral, refer to Terminology E2456 and ISO/TS 80004-2.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide designates a list of subject areas related tomaterial properties and the effects of size that are relevant tonanotechnology workforce education. Selection of the areas i
11、sbased on inputs from industry, nanotechnology educators andsubject matter experts.4.2 Within each subject area, important topics to be coveredare listed specifically.4.3 This approach provides both a broad education as wellas in-depth emphasis for key subjects within the time con-straints of an ins
12、tructional course or program.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide establishes, at the undergraduate collegelevel, the basic education structure for understanding theunique properties and applications of nanoscale materials ascompared to bulk properties and applications of macroscalematerials.5.2 Wo
13、rkers may transition in their roles in the workplace.Participants in such education will have a broad understanding1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 on Nanotech-nology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.07 on Education andWorkforce Development.Current edit
14、ion approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. DOI:10.1520/E3089-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
15、 ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
16、 United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Bar
17、riers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1of material properties and the effects of size, thus increasingtheir marketability for jobs within as well as beyond thenanotechnology field.5.3 This guide is intended to be one in a series of standardsdeveloped for workforce education in various aspects ofnanotechnol
18、ogy. It will assist in providing an organization abasic structure for developing a program applicable to manyareas in nanotechnology, thus providing dynamic and evolvingworkforce education.6. General Background Knowledge and Skills6.1 Introductory algebra, chemistry, physics, and statistics atthe co
19、llege level.6.2 The environmental, health, and safety (EHS) hazardspresented by nanoscale materials can be very different fromthose presented by bulk materials. Students should have a basicunderstanding of the unique EHS factors when handlingnanoscale materials.NOTE 1See Guide E2996 and the National
20、 Nanotechnology Initia-tives website on Environmental, Health, and Safety Issues4for moreinformation.7. Concepts and Skills to be Covered7.1 The subject areas and topics relevant for workforceeducation in nanotechnology regarding material properties aregiven in Section 8, and select examples of how
21、a reduction ofmaterial or structure size to the nanoscale affect materialproperties are shown in Section 9. These should be covered ina manner wherein bulk and nanoscale properties are comparedand contrasted.7.2 Select examples of how nanoscale materials are utilizedin a variety of applications are
22、given in Section 10.7.3 Additional subject areas, topics, and examples may beadded on an as-needed basis.8. Fundamental Material Properties8.1 This section consists of topics that pertain to the basicproperties of materials. These are considered to be essential forintroduction in an undergraduate-le
23、vel class to facilitate thesubsequent understanding of how and why certain propertiesare affected when material or structure dimensions changefrom the macroscale to the nanoscale.8.2 Material Characteristics:8.2.1 Structure:8.2.1.1 Crystalline material.NOTE 2Include discussion of Miller indices.8.2.
24、1.2 Non-crystalline material.8.2.1.3 Allotropes and polymorphism.8.2.2 Bonding.8.2.3 Defects.8.2.4 Phase diagrams.8.3 Physical Properties:8.3.1 Surface energy.8.3.2 Melting temperature.8.3.3 Diffusion.8.4 Mechanical Properties:8.4.1 Stress and strain.8.4.2 Tensile and compressive strength.8.4.3 Elas
25、tic and plastic responses.8.4.4 Moduli.NOTE 3Include introduction to Youngs, shear, and bulk modulus.8.4.5 Hardness.8.5 Optical Properties:8.5.1 Reflection.8.5.2 Refraction.8.5.3 Absorption.8.5.4 Transmittance.8.5.5 Emission.8.6 Electrical Properties:8.6.1 Fermi level.NOTE 4This is to provide an ove
26、rview for insight into electronicdevices, corrosion, and batteries.8.6.2 Conductivity.8.6.3 Electronic transport.8.6.4 Dielectric constant.8.7 Magnetic Properties:8.7.1 Ferromagnetism.8.7.2 Diamagnetism.9. Effects of Scale on Properties9.1 While the subject of nanotechnology is generally asso-ciated
27、 with materials or structures having at least one dimen-sion with a size approximately within the 1 to 100 nanometres(nm) range, it should be noted that the small size alone does notnecessarily distinguish the technology. The uniqueness ofnanotechnology arises when the nanoscale material or structur
28、eprovides properties or phenomena different from those ob-served at the bulk or macroscale in the same material orstructure, and these properties or phenomena can be utilized toachieve new or improved performances in a variety of appli-cations.9.2 Some of the different properties of nanoscale materi
29、alscan be attributed to their significantly larger surface areascompared to those of a macroscale material with a similar massor volume. This ratio results in a large number of atoms beingexposed to interact with the environment and surface effectsbecome much more important. In other cases, unique a
30、ndsize-dependent properties appear because quantum mechanicaleffects can dominate at the nanoscale. The rest of Section 9 listsselect examples to illustrate where properties change due to asize reduction. The list is not comprehensive, but does providean overview on the effects of scale.9.3 Lowering
31、 of melting temperature.NOTE 5This illustrates how surface effects become increasinglyimportant as material dimensions are reduced.9.4 Chemical reactivity changes due to scale.4Available from U.S. National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO),4201 Wilson Blvd., Stafford II, Rm 405, Arlington, V
32、A 22230, https:/www.nano.gov/you/environmental-health-safety.E3089 172NOTE 6The catalytic efficiency of nanoparticles has been shown tovary by changing the particle size.NOTE 7Appropriate stabilization of the nanoparticles is necessary toprovide effective catalysis. Common approaches include electro
33、staticstabilization and polymeric stabilization.9.5 Ballistic conduction.NOTE 8This shows how electron transport deviates from the classicalregime as material dimensions are reduced to below that of the electronmean free path.9.6 Tunable wavelengths in light absorption and emission.NOTE 9Metals with
34、 different nanoscale diameters and semiconductorfilms with nanoscale thicknesses sandwiched between larger bandgaplayers can be used to illustrate the size effect on optical properties.10. Applications Enabled by the Use of NanoscaleMaterials10.1 This section contains select examples where nanoscale
35、materials and structures are used in various fields to providenew or improved functionalities. The list is not comprehensive,but does provide an overview of such utilization.10.2 Mechanical Applications:10.2.1 Carbon nanotubes, having a very high tensilestrength and light weight, are used to structu
36、rally reinforcecomposite materials in the aerospace industry.10.2.2 Nanoparticles with spherical and polyhedral shapescan modify the friction mechanism and are used as additives toreduce friction in the petroleum industry. Their small size andmulti-layered structure contribute towards improved wearr
37、esistance.10.2.3 Nanoparticles made from polymerized styrene andbutadiene are used as additives in the rubber mixture of a tiretread to reduce wear. The large number of surface binding siteson the nanoparticles improves the linking with the silica in thetread.10.2.4 Silica nanoparticles are used to
38、improve abrasionresistance in paints and coatings. Nanoscale silica is very hardand its small size increases the crosslinking density of reactivegroups in resins.10.3 Optical Applications:10.3.1 Semiconductor layers with nanoscale thicknesses areused in quantum well lasers. Emission wavelengths diff
39、erentfrom that determined by the bulk bandgap can be achieved andtuned by adjusting layer thicknesses.10.3.2 Structural changes at the nanoscale are used for thetuning of colors of materials or surfaces in displays and paints.10.3.3 Nanoscale titanium dioxide is used in paints forUV-protection since
40、 it is a more effective UV absorber com-pared to microscale material.10.3.4 Nanostructured coatings are used to improve perfor-mance in anti-reflection layers. Periodic features with dimen-sions smaller than the wavelength of light alter the refractiveindices at interfaces and results in a reduction
41、 in reflections.10.4 Electronic Applications:10.4.1 Devices and Circuit Components:10.4.1.1 Materials with nanoscale dimensions are imple-mented to further increase performance in active and passivecomponents such as transistors and interconnects. For example,bandgap engineering with ultrathin layer
42、s can improve carriermobility and highly conductive graphene sheets can be used forwiring material in integrated circuits.10.4.1.2 The incorporation of nanoparticles and nanowiresin solar cells results in higher device efficiency. The nanoscalematerial can capture more of the solar energy by enhanci
43、nglight absorption through bandgap engineering or through achange in the light scattering mechanism.10.4.2 In chemical and physical detection, sensor perfor-mance is enhanced through the use of nanoscale componentsand further miniaturization to evolve from Microelectrome-chanical systems (MEMS) to n
44、anoelectromechanical systems(NEMS). The reduction in mass or increase in surface-to-volume ratio can lead to a higher resonance frequency andgreater detection sensitivity, respectively, for example.10.5 Biomedical Applications:10.5.1 Many biological phenomena occur at the nanoscale,so it is synergis
45、tic with the use of nanotechnology for researchand practical deployment in a wide variety of biomedicalfields.10.5.2 Biological Applications:10.5.2.1 Fluorescent nanoparticles are used in tagging orlabeling biomolecules for identification. The inherent smallsize and optical stability facilitate high
46、 resolution bio imaging,while the ability to functionalize nanoparticle surfaces withunique chemistry allows specific species to be targeted.10.5.2.2 The use of magnetic nanoparticles can facilitate thedetection of proteins. They enable the magnetic purificationand enrichment of proteins from comple
47、x serum samples.10.5.3 Medical and Health Applications:10.5.3.1 The cellular uptake of inorganic nanoparticles suchas gold is used for therapies such as the sensitizing, targeting orablation of cancer cells. The nanoparticle size and surfacefunctionalization can be tuned to target specific cells, wh
48、ile themetallic nature facilitates efficient coupling to a radio fre-quency source for non-invasive localized heating of the cells.10.5.3.2 The cellular uptake of organic nanoparticles suchas liposomes is used for drug delivery. Their wide rangingbiochemical characteristics allow a broad spectrum of
49、 drugs tobe encapsulated and transported to the targeted cells.10.5.3.3 In health and beauty products, silver nanoparticlesare added to bandages for their antibacterial properties andnanoscale titanium dioxide is used in sunscreen because of itshigh refractive index as well as strong UV light absorbingcapabilities.10.6 Food Applications:10.6.1 Nanocellulose can be utilized as a low-calorie sub-stitute for conventional carbohydrate additives used as thick-eners and suspension stabilizers. It has the appropriate rheo-logical characteristics and can be manufactured in a
