1、Designation: E3100 17Standard Guide forAcoustic Emission Examination of Concrete Structures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the application of acoustic emis-sion (AE) technology for examination of concrete and rein-forced concrete structures
3、 during or after construction, or inservice.1.2 Structures under consideration include but are not lim-ited to buildings, bridges, hydraulic structures, tunnels, decks,pre/post-tensioned (PT) structures, piers, nuclear containmentunits, storage tanks, and associated structural elements.1.3 AE examin
4、ations may be conducted periodically (short-term) or monitored continuously (long-term), under normalservice conditions or under specially designed loading proce-dures. Examples of typical examinations are the detection ofgrowing cracks in structures or their elements under normalservice conditions
5、or during controlled load testing, long termmonitoring of pre-stressed cables, and establishing safe opera-tional loads.1.4 AE examination results are achieved through detection,location, and characterization of active AE sources withinconcrete and reinforced concrete. Such sources include micro-and
6、 macro-crack development in concrete due to loadingscenarios such as fatigue, overload, settlement, impact,seismicity, fire and explosion, and also environmental effectssuch as temperature gradients and internal or external chemicalattack (such as sulfate attack and alkali-silica reaction) orradiati
7、on. Other AE source mechanisms include corrosion ofrebar or other metal parts, corrosion and rupture of cables inpre-stressed concrete, as well as friction due to structuralmovement or instability, or both.1.5 This guide discusses selection of the AE apparatus,setup, system performance verification,
8、 detection and process-ing of concrete damage related AE activity. The guide alsoprovides approaches that may be used in analysis and interpre-tation of acoustic emission data, assessment of examinationresults and establishing accept/reject criteria.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
9、ed asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
10、 the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations
11、issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1932 Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of SmallPartsE23
12、74 Guide for Acoustic Emission System PerformanceVerification2.2 ANSI/ASNT Standards:3SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for NondestructiveTesting Personnel Qualification and CertificationANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Cer-tification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1This test method
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 onNondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 onAcoustic Emission Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. DOI: 10.1520/E310017.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.ast
14、m.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.o
15、rg.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of In
16、ternational Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 AIA Standard4NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructivePersonnel (Quality Assurance Committee)2.4 ISO Standard:5ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Testing-Qu
17、alification and Certi-fication of NDT Personnel2.5 American Concrete Institute Documents6ACI 228.2R-13 Report on Nondestructive Test Methods forEvaluation of Concrete in StructuresACI 228.1R-03 In-Place Methods to Estimate ConcreteStrengthACI 437R-03 Strength Evaluation of Existing ConcreteBuildings
18、3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee E1316 for terminology related to thisguide.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The guide describes the process of AE examination ofconcrete structures and discusses selection of theAE apparatus,setup, system performance verification, detection and process-ing of concrete damage r
19、elated signals.5. Significance and Use5.1 Real-time detection and assessment of cracks and otherflaws in concrete structures is of great importance.Anumber ofmethods have been developed and standardized in recentdecades for non-destructive evaluation of concrete structures aswell as methods for in-p
20、lace evaluation of concrete properties.Review of some of these methods can be found in ACI228.2R-13, ACI 228.1R-03, and ACI 437R-03. They includevisual inspection, stress-wave methods such as impact echo,pulse velocity, impulse response, nuclear methods, active andpassive infrared thermography, grou
21、nd-penetrating radar andothers. These methods in most of the cases are not used foroverall inspection of the concrete structure due to limitedaccessibility, significant thickness of concrete components, orother reasons and are not applied for continuous long-termmonitoring. Further, these methods ca
22、nnot be utilized forestimation of flaw propagation rate or evaluation of flawsensitivity to operational level loads or environmental changes,or both.5.2 In addition to the previously mentioned non-destructivetests methods, vibration, displacement, tilt, shock, strainmonitoring, and other methods hav
23、e been applied to monitor,periodically or continuously, various factors that can affect theintegrity of concrete structures during operation. However,these methods monitor risk factors that are not necessarilyassociated with actual damage accumulation in the monitoredstructures.5.3 Monitoring the ho
24、rizontal (opening) or vertical displace-ment of existing cracks can be performed as well usingdifferent technologies. These may include moving scales (Fig.1), vibrating wire, draw wire, or other crack opening displace-ment meters, optical and digital microscopes, strain gages, orvisual assessment. H
25、owever, this type of monitoring is onlyapplicable to surface cracks and requires long monitoringperiods.5.4 This guide is meant to be used for development ofacoustic emission applications related to examination andmonitoring of concrete and reinforced concrete structures.4Available from Aerospace In
26、dustries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http:/www.aiaaerospace.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, htt
27、p:/www.iso.org.6Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), 38800 Country Club Dr.,Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3439, http:/www.concrete.org.FIG. 1 Moving Scale Crack Opening MonitorE3100 1725.5 Acoustic emission technology can provide additionalinformation regarding condition of concrete struct
28、ures com-pared to the methods described in sections 5.1 5.3. Forexample, the acoustic emission method can be used to detectand monitor internal cracks growing in the concrete, assesscrack growth rate as a function of different load or environ-mental conditions, or to detect concrete micro-cracking d
29、ue tosignificant rebar corrosion.5.6 Accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of AE procedurescan be enhanced through the implementation of fundamentalprinciples described in the guide.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or refer
30、encing this guide.6.2 Personnel Qualification:6.2.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally and internationally recognizedNDT personnel qualification practice or standard such asANSI/ASNT CP-189, S
31、NT-TC-1A, NAS-410, ISO 9712, or asimilar document and certified by the employer or certifyingagency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and itsapplicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agree-ment between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencie
32、s:6.3.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDTagencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described inPractice E543. The applicable edition of Practice E543 shall bespecified in the contractual agreement.7. The Process of Acoustic Emission Examination ofConcrete Structures7.1 The process of
33、 AE examination of concrete structuresincludes the following principal steps. As decisions are madeunder these steps (7.1.1 7.1.4), a test procedure or instructionshall be written, based on those steps, to guide the fieldactivities.7.1.1 Defining the goal(s) of the examination.7.1.2 Developing an un
34、derstanding of the structural system,material properties, and flaw characteristics.7.1.3 Selection of the operational, load, and environmentalconditions for conducting the examination.7.1.4 Selection of suitable equipment and sensor installationmethods.7.1.5 System performance verification.7.1.6 Fie
35、ld examination and post examination system per-formance verification.7.1.7 Data analysis, interpretation, and assessment.7.1.8 Reporting.8. Defining Goals of the Examination8.1 Prior to conducting an AE examination or AE structuralhealth monitoring of a concrete structure, it is necessary todefine t
36、he primary goals and the scope of the examinationtogether with a designer or operator of the structure, or both(1).7Success of the examination is defined as the degree towhich the goals of the examination is achieved.8.2 The way in which AE technology is applied can varywith different goals. Example
37、s of primary goals are:8.2.1 Evaluation of known crack development under spe-cific load conditions.8.2.2 Characterization of mechanical and fracture mechan-ics properties of concrete members used in a structure.8.2.3 Establishment of safe loads/operational conditions.8.2.4 Prediction of ultimate loa
38、ds.8.3 Primary examination goals can be achieved when atleast one or several of the following objectives are addressed:8.3.1 Detection of active concrete cracking and other flaw-indications in the structure.8.3.2 Location of flaw-indications.8.3.3 Identification of flaw-indications, for example, ide
39、nti-fication of tensile or shear concrete micro-cracking, corrosiondamage, and others (2-4).8.3.4 Assessment of flaw-indications, for example damagequalification of reinforced concrete beams subjected to re-peated loading (3).8.3.5 Structural integrity diagnostics and establishment ofserviceability.
40、8.3.6 Prediction of ultimate loads.9. Understanding the Structure, Material Properties, andFlaw Characteristics9.1 Correct interpretation of AE results for source mecha-nism identification, flaw-indication assessment and diagnosticsdepends on satisfactory knowledge of the examined structure,examinat
41、ion conditions (including environmental), understand-ing the material properties of the structure, manufacturingmethods and material behavior under stress. Therefore, prior toan acoustic emission examination, it is recommended to obtainthe following information:9.1.1 Structural Information:9.1.1.1 T
42、he function of the structure and its design includingdetailed drawings, if available.9.1.1.2 Operational/stress/environmental conditions andother factors that may contribute to flaw origination anddevelopment.9.1.1.3 Results of previous NDT examinations, includingthe location and nature of known fla
43、w indications (if any).9.1.1.4 Statistics of failures of similar structures, typicalflaws, possible location of flaws and expected rate of flawpropagation.9.1.1.5 Factors that can contribute to flaw origination anddevelopment (deformation, support instability, known or sus-pected design errors, etc.
44、).9.1.1.6 Wave propagation characteristics in the structure(propagation modes, velocities, attenuation characteristics, ef-fects of anisotropy, etc.).9.1.2 Material Information:7The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.E3100 1739.1.2.1 Materials us
45、ed (concrete and reinforcing steel), re-lated properties, manufacturing methods, and processes.9.1.2.2 Potential failure mechanisms.9.1.3 Examination Conditions:9.1.3.1 Possible sources of noise and other conditions thatmay affect the examination.9.2 Laboratory or full scale tests, or both, can prov
46、idesignificant portions of the above required information. Testscan be conducted on specimens or structural elements, or both,such as beams, columns, or full-sized structural systems withor without flaws to develop the ability to detect, identify andassess/classify specific flaws in the target struc
47、ture. Normallyflawless concrete cubic or cylindrical specimens (taken fromthe target structure or specially prepared) are examined tobetter understand initiation and development of flaws up tofailure and to study load bearing capabilities of materials;whereas flawed specimens are examined to study f
48、law-detection capabilities byAE testing or to evaluate sustainabilityof materials with damage. In addition, standard examination ofconcrete cores taken from the examined structure, togetherwith AE measurement, is recommended to identify the condi-tion and quality of the concrete (for example concret
49、e unifor-mity or presence of internal flaws like segregations andhoneycombing), identify possible concrete age relateddegradation, and possible deviation from the designed proper-ties.9.3 AE signals acquired during testing of small scale speci-mens can be affected by reflections, different geometric/sizeeffects on flaw development, and other factors. Therefore, inevery test it is necessary to find invariant qualitative orquantitative AE characteristics that can be usefully applied forexamination of real structures. Examples of such invariantcharacteristics are:9.3.1 Stress
