1、Designation: E3111/E3111M 18Standard Test Method forBallistic Resistant Head Protection1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3111/E3111M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes the tests for ballistic-resistanthead protection which consists of helmets and face shields.Test methods add
3、ress back face deformation, resistance topenetration, and ballistic limit. It is anticipated that this testmethod will be referenced by purchasers or other users inspecifications or performance standards for helmets in order tomeet the users specific needs.NOTE 1ISO/IEC 17025 specifies the general r
4、equirements for thecompetence to carry out tests or calibrations, or both. It covers testing andcalibration performed using standard methods, non-standard methods, andlaboratory-developed methods.1.2 This test method does not address eye protection otherthan face shields that are attached to the hel
5、met.1.3 The test method does not specify performance criteria orusages of the test results.1.4 This test method addresses conditioning of test items.1.5 Purchasers and other users will specify and describe theballistic test threats to be used. Within this test method, thereference will be called the
6、 “test threats document.”1.6 UnitsValues stated in either the International Systemof Units (metric) or U.S. Customary units (inch-pound) are tobe regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents. Both units are referencedto facilitate acquisition of mater
7、ials internationally and mini-mize fabrication costs. Tests conducted using either systemmaintain repeatability and reproducibility of the test methodand results are comparable.1.7 If there is a discrepancy between this test method and auser supplied document, the user supplied document takesprecede
8、nce.1.8 In this test method, “other standards and specifications”and “unless specified elsewhere” refer to documents (forexample, military standards, purchase specifications) that re-quire the use of this test method. Purchasers and other users areresponsible for the “other standards and specificati
9、ons” and forspecifying any requirements that supersede those of this testmethod.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental p
10、ractices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guide
11、s and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-terialsE3004 Specification for Preparation and Verification of ClayBlocks Used in Ballistic-Resist
12、ance Testing of Torso BodyArmorE3005 Terminology for Body ArmorE3062 Specification for Indoor Ballistic Test Ranges forSmall Arms and Fragmentation Testing of Ballistic-resistant Items2.2 Department of Defense Standards:3MIL-STD-3027 Test Method Standard for Performance Re-quirements and Testing of
13、Body ArmorMIL-STD-662F V50Test for ArmorTOP10-2-210 Test Operations Procedure Ballistic Testing ofHard Body Armor Using Clay Backing, Change 3ATC-MMTB-IOP 051 Measurement of Back Face Deforma-tion (BFD) using Faro Quantum Laser Scan Arm andGeomagic 2014 Control and Studio for Helmets (RPSAlignment)1
14、This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 onHomeland Security Applications and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE54.04 on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. DOI: 10.1520/E3111_E3111M-18.2For referenced A
15、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent ofDocuments, 7
16、32 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiz
17、ation established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 Other Standards:NIJ Standard-0106.01 NIJ Standard for Ballistic Helmets4ISO/IEC 17025 Gene
18、ral Requirements for the Competenceof Testing and Calibration Laboratories5AATCC Test Method 169 Weather Resistance of Textiles:Xenon Lamp Exposure63. Terminology3.1 For terms not defined in this test method, the followingdefinitions of Terminology E3005 apply: back facedeformation, conditioning, co
19、mplete penetration, fair hit,obliquity, partial penetration, shot-to-edge distance, shot-to-shot distance, strike face, test item, unfair hit, Vx,V0,V05,V50,and witness panel.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 basic plane, nthe plane through the centers of theexternal ear openi
20、ngs and the lower edges of the eye sockets.3.2.1.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for a pictorial representationof the location of the basic plane.3.2.2 clay block, na type of backing assembly in whichthe backing material is ROMA Plastilina No. 1 modelingclay.3.2.2.1 DiscussionSee Specification E3004 for more
21、 in-formation on the type of clay.3.2.3 controlled ambient, nconditions with temperature of20 C 6 5.5 C 68 F 6 10 F and 50 % 6 20 % relativehumidity (RH).3.2.3.1 DiscussionWithin this test method, this definitionapplies to any direct or indirect reference to controlled ambi-ent.3.2.4 coronal plane,
22、nthe plane, perpendicular to the basicand mid-sagittal planes, which passes through the centers ofthe external ear openings.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation.3.2.5 head protection, nthe ensemble consisting ofhelmet, face shield, straps, padding, and other accessoriesdesigne
23、d to protect the users head.3.2.6 mid-sagittal plane, nthe plane, perpendicular to thebasic and coronal planes, which symmetrically bisects thehead.3.2.6.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation.3.2.7 obliquity, nthe angle between the test threat line ofaim and the line normal to a refe
24、rence plane based on featuresof the test item at the point of aim.adapted from MIL-STD-30273.2.7.1 DiscussionA zero degree obliquity could be indi-cated by shining a laser down the barrel to a reflection devicemounted to the helmet and having the reflection return to theorigin.3.2.8 reference plane,
25、 nthe plane 60 mm 6 1 mm 2.36 in.6 0.04 in. above and parallel to the basic plane.3.2.8.1 DiscussionSee Fig. 1 for a pictorial representation.3.2.9 test series, nthe set of all shots necessary to obtainthe required number of fair hits on a single test item or the setof all shots necessary to generat
26、e ballistic response data.3.2.10 test stand, na rigid or massive component of thetest item mounting system that supports other components.3.2.10.1 DiscussionSee Specification E3062 for more de-tails.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method specifies the methods for assessing thepenetration resi
27、stance and back face deformation for ballistic-resistant helmets and face shields.4.2 A number of individual test items, some mounted on aheadform and some clamped in a fixture, are impacted with testthreats. The type and velocity of the test threats are specified intest threats documents, and the q
28、uantity and shot pattern maybe specified in other standards or specifications.4.3 Multi-hit performance may also be demonstrated duringthis test by firing multiple test threats on an individual test item(the specific number of test threats fired at a test item isspecified by the end user).5. Signifi
29、cance and Use5.1 U.S. Department of Defense and U.S. Department ofJustice standards and specifications may require this testmethod for assessing the penetration resistance and back facedeformation of ballistic-resistant helmets and face shields.4Available from National Institute of Justice (NIJ), 81
30、0 7th St., NW, Washington,DC 20531, http:/nij.gov.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.6Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Co
31、lorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http:/www.aatcc.org.FIG. 1 Head PlanesE3111/E3111M 1825.2 This test method may be used by private-sector andgovernment laboratories, manufacturers, research and develop-ment organizations, and others assessing the ballistic resis
32、tanceof helmets and face shields or performing research anddevelopment of new materials.5.3 It is intended that this test method be referenced by otherstandards, specifications, or test methods.6. Test Equipment and Apparatus6.1 Test item details, including quantity, size, andconditioning, shall be
33、specified in other standards and specifi-cations.6.2 The ballistic test range shall meet the requirements ofSpecification E3062.6.3 Some systems for determining yaw are yaw cards, flashradiograph, or photography. Yaw shall be measured by thesystem to an accuracy of 1.6.4 The backing assembly for val
34、idating the clay within aheadform shall be a clay block and shall have a rigid metalframe with a plywood bottom. The inside dimensions of themetal frame shall be 300 mm 6 2 mm 12.0 in. 6 0.08 in. by300 mm 6 2 mm 12.0 in. 6 0.08 in. with a depth of 100 mm6 2 mm 4.0 in. 6 0.08 in. The top and bottom e
35、dges of themetal frame shall be planar. Attach plywood, of any grade, thatis nominally “34 in.” or “18 mm,” to the outside of the frameto form the bottom of the fixture. Prior to attaching theplywood, add a plastic liner as defined in Specification E3004.Fill the backing assembly with ROMA Plastilin
36、a No. 1.6.5 For testing that requires a headform, the headform shallbe a Cadex Model 100_00_HNME that meets the specifica-tions given in drawings in Annex A1 unless otherwise directedby another specification or requirements document.NOTE 2The Cadex7Model 100_00_HNME is the only headformcurrently use
37、d for ballistic testing of helmets to National Institute ofJustice and U.S. Army standards.6.6 For testing that requires a headform, affix the test item tothe above-specified headform. The headform shall be rigidlyheld by the test stand that permits the entire test item andheadform to be shifted ver
38、tically and horizontally and to betilted such that the intended impact locations and angles can beaccomplished.6.7 For V0and V50testing, use a fixture that securelyclamps the test item at three points on the helmet, such as theear flaps and a point along the front or back mid-sagittal planeof the te
39、st item shell. The securing method shall be capable ofretaining the shell and withstanding shock resulting from aballistic impact. The mount shall be capable of adjustment sothat 0 and 45 obliquity impacts can be achieved anywhere onthe test item. A drawing of an acceptable fixture is located inAppe
40、ndix X1.6.8 For opaque test items such as the helmet, the witnesspanel shall be a 0.50 mm 0.020 in. thick sheet of 2024-T3,2024-T4, or 5052 aluminum alloy sheet.6.9 For transparent test items such as the face shield, thewitness panel shall be a nominal 0.025 mm 0.001 in. thicksheet of aluminum foil.
41、6.10 The temperature conditioning chamber for test itemsshall be capable of a temperature range at least 56 C to 77 C70 F to 170 F.6.11 The temperature conditioning chamber for clay blocksand headforms shall meet the requirements of SpecificationE3004.6.12 The liquid dunk tank shall be capable of fu
42、lly submerg-ing the test items.6.13 The weatherometer test apparatus shall be as defined inAmerican Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC) Test Method 169.6.14 When scanning the headform, use a laser scannerattached to an articulating arm coordinate measuring machine(LS/AACM) that meet
43、s the requirements of ATC-MMTB-IOP051.7. Hazards7.1 The ballistic tests described in this test method haveinherent hazards. Employ adequate safeguards for personneland property when conducting these tests.8. Sampling and Test Items8.1 The test items shall be helmets or face shields. For sometests, t
44、he helmet shell alone is the test item while for other teststhe test item is the helmet shell with its hardware, suspensionsystem, and retention system. The face shield will always beattached to the helmet during face shield testing.8.2 Test item details, including quantity, size, andconditioning, s
45、hall be specified in other standards and specifi-cations.9. Test Requirements9.1 The intended obliquity or other shot direction details, ifany, for all shots shall be specified in other standards andspecifications.NOTE 3Typical obliquities are 0, 30, and 45, with most obliquesbeing 0.9.2 Fair Hits:9
46、.2.1 To be considered a fair hit, unless specified elsewhere,each ballistic impact shall meet the requirements listed below.Appendix X2 contains a flowchart showing the decision tree.9.2.2 The test threat shall impact the test item at an obliquitywithin 5 of the intended angle.9.2.3 Verify the test
47、threat yaw at the proposed impactdistance. Yaw shall be 3 for rifle threats or 5 for fragmentand handgun threats. Check yaw for every test threat shot.9.2.4 For back face deformation (BFD) and resistance toperforation (RTP) testing, the test threat velocity shall bewithin the specified range given i
48、n the test threats document. Ifno specified range is given, the range shall be required velocity0 + 15 m/s 0 + 50 ft/s. For a test threat having a velocitylower than the specified range with a complete penetration, theimpact is considered a fair hit.7Information on Cadex headforms can be found at ht
49、tp:/ 1839.2.5 For V50testing, no overlap of damage (delamination)caused by impacts is allowed, and there shall be at least 13 mm0.5 in. between damaged areas when inspected visually. Ifnecessary, multiple test items shall be used to allow twoimpacts in each section without overlapping damage. Any shotthat impacts within 25 mm 1 in. of a potential weak point,such as an earflap crease, hole, or bolt, is an unfair hit.9.2.6 For test threat impacts to hardware wi
