1、Designation: E3134 17Standard Specification forTransportation Tunnel Structural Components and PassiveFire Protection Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3134; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONFire poses a serious threat to the structural stability of tunnels as shown by real fires in tunnels ove
3、rthe last decade. The damage is a serious threat to life safety and results in costly repairs and lostservice time. The damage is mitigated with heat-resistant concrete and passive fire-resistive materialsand systems. The result is limited spalling of concrete, limited structural damage of the concr
4、ete viacracks to the cold zone, and limited temperature increases of the reinforcing steel. Further, thefire-resistive methods employed are also optionally evaluated against common environmentalexposures, which could adversely affect the performance or fire-resistance rating.1. Scope1.1 This specifi
5、cation is applicable to the fire resistance ofconcrete tunnel linings, fire-resistive materials, and structuraltunnel members.1.2 Concrete mix design, tunnel linings, and passive fireprotection methods are specific to each tunnel project. There-fore results of the spalling test are only valid for th
6、e specificmaterials and systems employed during each test, notwith-standing maximum and minimum limitations.1.3 Tunnels are potentially exposed to ground water, eventhose passing through elevated terrain, such as mountains, roadsalt, and maintenance surface washing. Consideration shall begiven to po
7、tential adverse effects that result, such as materialdegradation due to these exposures.1.4 Movement joints shall be considered and their impact onthe overall fire resistance shall be assessed by testing. Testsshall be conducted as a system.1.5 This specification does not address mechanical attach-m
8、ent methods for equipment due to the vast variety of possiblemethods and loads. However, consideration shall be given tomethods that appreciably affect the concrete temperature dur-ing the heating conditions. Consideration shall be given to asecond test conducted with the attachment to evaluate thee
9、ffect. The attachment test shall include the largest diameteranchor, the deepest installed anchor, and the largest loadapplied to the anchor. This requirement results in a singleanchor being tested or multiple anchors being tested. Ifmultiple anchors are required to be tested, then each shall betest
10、ed under its maximum load.1.6 This specification requires testing of both horizontal andvertical orientations. For fire-resistive materials, it is generallyaccepted that the horizontal orientation represents the worstcase test scenario.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.
11、 The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, b
12、ut does not, by itself,incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.
13、10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
14、1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subco
15、mmittee E05.11 on FireResistance.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2017. Published March 2018. DOI: 10.1520/E3134-17.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internati
16、onally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Development of International Standards, Guides and R
17、ecom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C109 Test Method for Compressive Strength of HydraulicCement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Speci-mens)E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics
18、ofBuilding MaterialsE119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1966 Test Method for Fire-Resistive Joint SystemsG85 Practice for Modified Salt Spray (Fog) Testing2.2 Other Standard:32008-Efectis-R0695 Fire testing procedure for concrete t
19、un-nel linings3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms found in thisspecification, refer to Terminology E176.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Different fire protection approaches are chosen in thedesign and construction of tunnels. The approaches addressedin this specification are limited t
20、o concrete mix design andfire-resistive materials, and the potential impact of environ-mental exposures (optional). A minimum of one fire test isrequired for each assembly, configuration, and orientation. Forcases where the concrete mix design is intended to address thefire load independent of fire-
21、resistive materials, the SpallingTest in accordance with 9.1 is applicable. For cases wherestandard or general concrete design mix is intended andprotected by fire-resistive materials, the Fire-Resistive MaterialTest is applicable. For cases where both the concrete designmix and fire-resistive mater
22、ials are combined to address the fireload, both test criteria are applicable but can be accomplishedwith one fire test for each assembly, configuration, andorientation.4.1.1 Surface Burning Test:4.1.1.1 Flame Spread Index (FSI) and Smoke DevelopedIndex (SDI) in accordance with Test Method E84 are pr
23、ovidedfor fire-resistive materials.4.1.2 Environmental Tests (Optional):4.1.2.1 Ground Water Test is a means to assess the effect ofwater and moisture on concrete tunnel lining and fire-resistivematerials.4.1.2.2 Road Salt Test assesses the effect of salt on concretetunnel lining and fire-resistive
24、materials.4.1.2.3 Tunnel Interior Surface Washing assesses the effectsof repeated washing on concrete tunnel lining and fire-resistivematerials.4.1.2.4 Spalling TestThe Spalling Test is intended toassess the spalling behavior of concrete mix designs specific totunnel project specification. The test
25、assesses the reinforcingsteel by means of temperature and temperature of other criticallocations, such as post tension sleeves.4.1.2.5 Fire-Resistive Material TestThe Fire-ResistiveMaterial Test is intended for materials whose purpose is toprotect the concrete by limiting the temperature at the inte
26、rfacewith the concrete and limiting reinforcing steel temperatureswithin the concrete.4.1.3 Fire-Resistive Joint TestWhen movement joints areused as part of the tunnel construction, they shall be assessedfor fire resistance and the ability to undergo movement withoutreducing the fire rating.5. Signi
27、ficance and Use5.1 The test methods described in this specification are usedto determine the performance of tunnel construction elementswith respect to exposure to a standard time-temperature firetest. The performance of the elements is dependent upon thespecific assembly of materials tested.5.2 The
28、 test exposes a specimen to the selected fireexposure, as described in this specification, controlled toachieve specified temperatures throughout a specified timeperiod.5.3 The test standard provides for the following:5.3.1 Flame SpreadComparative measurements of flamespread and smoke developed in a
29、ccordance with Test MethodE84.5.3.2 Environmental ConsiderationsPotential effects onthe fire resistance from environmental conditions expectedwithin a transportation tunnel.5.3.3 SpallingSusceptibility of concrete design mixes tospalling when exposed to the fire exposure, as described in thisspecifi
30、cation.5.3.4 Transmission of HeatThe ability to limit tempera-tures at critical locations such as reinforcing steel and interfaceof fire-resistive materials and concrete.5.3.5 Fire-Resistive JointsThe ability to maintain fireresistance continuity when the assembly requires a joint tomitigate the eff
31、ects of movement.5.4 The test standard does not provide the following:5.4.1 Evaluation of active fire protection methods or sys-tems or other techniques not appropriate for evaluation by thisspecification.5.4.2 Information as to performance of specimens con-structed with components or lengths other
32、than those tested.5.4.3 Evaluation of the degree by which the specimencontributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxicgases, or other products of combustion.5.4.4 Measurement of the degree of control or limitation ofthe passage of smoke or products of combustion through thespecimen.2For
33、referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from efectis nederland, P.O. Box 554, 2665 ZN Bleiswijk
34、, Brand-puntlaan Zuid 16, 2665 NZ Bleiswijk, The Netherlands, http:/ 1726. Flame Spread6.1 Fire-resistive materials shall be tested in accordancewith Test Method E84. The FSI shall be 25 and SDI 50.7. Environmental Tests7.1 Environmental tests shall be conducted when the testsponsor, design professi
35、onal, or authority having jurisdictionhas a concern about the impact on fire resistance from thepresence of water, road salt, or repeated surface washing, orcombinations thereof. The environmental tests are performedin advance of the fire testing to evaluate environmental impact.Included are ground
36、water test, road salt test, and tunnelinterior surface washing. For more details on the environmen-tal tests, see Appendix X1.8. Control of Fire Tests for Fire Resistive Materials8.1 Time-Temperature Curve:8.1.1 The fire exposure shall be controlled to conform to themodified Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) cu
37、rve, taken from 2008-Efectis-R0695, presented in Tables 1 and 2, and as shown inFig. 1.8.1.2 As an option, an alternate time-temperature curve ispresented in AnnexA1. The alternative time-temperature curvepresented incorporates the highest temperatures of the variousfurnace fire exposures known at t
38、he time this document waswritten. The intent is to provide a worst case test to allow formultiple approvals from one test.8.1.3 The samples shall undergo a cool down period bydecreasing the furnace temperature by 10 C (18 F) perminute for 100 min, see Table 2.8.2 Furnace Temperature:8.2.1 The temper
39、ature fixed by the curve shall be theaverage temperature obtained from the readings of thermo-couples symmetrically distributed within the test furnace toshow the temperature near all parts of the assembly. Use aminimum of three thermocouples, with no fewer than fivethermocouples per 9.3 m2(100 ft2)
40、 of exposed floor surface,and no fewer than nine thermocouples per 9.3 m2(100 ft2)ofexposed wall surface.8.2.2 The furnace thermocouples shall be Type B, platinum-rhodium, 0.81 mm (0.032-in.) wire, exposed junction thermo-couples. One conductor contains 30 % rhodium and the otherconductor contains 6
41、 % rhodium.8.2.3 For samples in the horizontal orientation, place thejunction of the thermocouple 305 mm (12.0 in.) away from theexposed face of the sample.8.2.4 For samples in the vertical orientation, place thejunction of the thermocouple 152 mm (6.0 in.) away from theexposed face of the sample.8.
42、2.5 Read and record the temperature at intervals notexceeding 1 min.8.2.6 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such thatthe area under the temperature-time curve, obtained by aver-aging the results from the furnace thermocouple readings, iswithin 15 % of the corresponding area under the stan
43、dardtemperature-time curve presented in Tables 1 and 2, and asshown in Fig. 1, for the time period between 5 and 10 min,10 % for the time period between 10 and 30 min and 5 % from30 min to the end of the test.NOTE 1The spalling of concrete will expose new, cold concretesurfaces that will increase th
44、e need for energy input in order to maintainfurnace control within tolerance.8.3 Furnace Pressure:8.3.1 Measure the differential pressure between the exposedand unexposed surfaces of the test assembly. The pressure shallbe measured using a tee-shaped probe, or a tube probe, asshown in Fig. 2, manufa
45、ctured from stainless steel, or othersuitable material.8.3.2 Measure the pressure by means of a manometer orequivalent transducer. The manometer or transducer shall becapable of reading 2.5-Pa (0.01-in. H2O) increments with ameasurement precision of 1.25 Pa (0.005 in. H2O).8.3.3 Horizontal SpecimenT
46、he required differential pres-sure plane shall be located within the furnace 305 mm (12 in.)below the specimen.8.3.4 Vertical SpecimenThe required differential pressureplane shall be located within the furnace at the mid-height ofthe specimen.8.3.5 Following the first 5 min of the test, the pressure
47、 shallbe controlled at below 50 Pa (0.2 in. H2O), then following thefirst 10 min, the pressure shall be controlled at 20 6 4 Pa (0.086 0.016 in. H2O).NOTE 2It is recognized that the dynamic nature of the furnace limitsthe ability of pressure control within the furnace, so there is a greatertolerance
48、 for the first 10 min of startup. However, the goal is to achieve astable pressure of 20 Pa as quickly as possible.TABLE 1 Tunnel Fire Test Time-Temperature Curve for Control ofFire TestsTime (min) Temperature C (F)0 20 (68)3 891 (1635)5 1141 (2085)10 1199 (2190)30 1299 (2370)60 1349 (2460)90 1299 (
49、2370)$120 1199 (2190)TABLE 2 Tunnel Fire Test Cool Down,Time Interval Versus Temperature DecreaseAdded Time (min) fromTime of Desired Rating PeriodFurnace Temperature C (F)Decrease from Time ofDesired Rating Period+10 100 (180)+20 200 (360)+30 300 (540)+40 400 (720)+50 500 (900)+60 600 (1080)+70 700 (1260)+80 800 (1440)+90 900 (1620)+100 1000 (1800)E3134 1739. Test Specimen for Fire Resistive Materials9.1 Spalling Test:9.1.1 The orientation of the spec
