1、Designation: E3148 18Standard Guide forPostmortem Facial Image Capture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses in
2、dicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this document is to provide guidelinesfor capturing postmortem facial images of human remains incontrolled (for example, morgue) and semi-contro
3、lled (forexample, field) settings to facilitate automated facial recogni-tion (FR) searches or manual facial comparisons that couldcontribute to forensic investigations.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inc
4、h-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environme
5、ntal practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards,
6、Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2916 Terminology for Digital and Multimedia EvidenceExamination2.2 Other Standards:ANSI/NIST-ITL-1-2011 Data Format for the Interchange ofFingerpr
7、int, Facial (b) Both ears are equally visible if unobstructed by hairand nose is forward (zero yaw angle); and(c) The chin is neither elevated nor dropped (zero pitchangle). In the postmortem setting, a body block can be usedunder the back of the neck to adjust the angle of the head andface (see Fig
8、. 2).(3) In Fig. 2, the image on the left shows the decedentshead position before the insertion of a body block. The headhas a noticeable upward pitch (the head is tilted back). Theimage on the right shows the change in head position with theinsertion of a body block beneath the head/neck. The dece-
9、dents face is now facing directly toward the camera.6.3.2 Sitting Position:6.3.2.1 1 In a sitting position, the forces of gravity will actin such a way that the soft tissues of the face are distributed ina more lifelike way, as opposed to falling backward andcausing the appearance of increased thick
10、ness surrounding theposterior aspects of the cheeks and jaw and decreased thicknessin the lips and anterior aspects of the cheeks and mouth areas.In this position, the decedents mandible will likely need to beelevated (for example, by using a gloved finger to hold it inplace) so the mouth can be clo
11、sed. When the decedent isseated, the camera should be affixed to a tripod or otherwisestabilized to ensure a camera angle that is directly perpendicu-lar to the subjects face.6.3.2.2 As with the supine position, the decedents headshould be adjusted to face directly toward the camera with nomore than
12、 65 variance from frontal in pitch (head tilted up orFIG. 1 Photographic Environment in ME OfficeE3148 183down), roll (head tilted side-to-side), and/or yaw (head turnedside-to-side). For example, the position of the head and faceshould appear as they would in a drivers license or passportphoto. For
13、 more information on facial position for FR appro-priate image capture, see ISO/IEC 19794-5 on face image data.6.3.2.3 Visual cues that can assist with determining “for-ward orientation” are:(1) Both eyes are level on an imaginary horizontal line(zero roll angle);(2) Both ears are equally visible if
14、 unobstructed by hair andnose is forward (zero yaw angle); and(3) The chin is neither elevated nor dropped (zero pitchangle). In the postmortem setting, a body block can be usedunder the back of the neck to adjust the angle of the head andface (see ).6.3.3 Head Position for Non-Frontal Images:6.3.3.
15、1 It is highly recommended to capture non-frontalimages for each side of the face at a 90 angle (profile image)and a 45 angle (three-quarter profile image). If non-frontalimages or angled images or both are captured for facialcomparison purposes, they can be acquired by adjusting thecamera position.
16、 Turning the head is not preferable butacceptable.6.3.3.2 More information for clarification on non-frontalimage capture can be found in Annex E, of ANSI/NIST-ITL-1-2011.6.3.4 Head Coverings and AccessoriesAny item that ob-scures the hairline, chin/jawline, and ears (for example, hats,scarves, jewel
17、ry, etc.) should be removed so the full face andears are displayed. If the decedent has facial piercings and thepiercing jewelry is available, at least one frontal image shouldbe captured with the jewelry in place and one image after thejewelry has been removed.6.3.5 Shoulder PositionThe top of the
18、shoulders and neckshould be included in the image frame.6.4 Decedent Face Preparation:6.4.1 This section outlines the optimal facial conditions fora postmortem image for FR and comparison purposes. Obscur-ing matter (for example, blood, particles, dirt, and so forth) orhair on the face, large open w
19、ounds, closed eyes, and eye-glasses can adversely affect FR searches and facialcomparisons, limiting the usefulness of the images.6.4.2 If a scale (ruler) is used, efforts should be made toplace the ruler in the same plane as the face and it should notcover or obstruct any portion of the head or fac
20、e.6.4.3 There are situations in which multiple images at eachpose angle can be helpful in improving the usable quality of thepostmortem facial imagery for facial comparison.6.4.4 For all situations, facial comparison requires that theface be fully exposed and in a natural position. For forensicreaso
21、ns, it is advisable to take images before and after anyalterations to increase the usefulness of the images.6.4.5 Obscuring Matter:6.4.5.1 The face should be cleaned of blood (or other fluids),dirt, debris, makeup, and other foreign matter or obstructions.6.4.5.2 In Fig. 3, the image on the left sho
22、ws an obstructionover the face; the image on the right shows the obstructionremoved.6.4.6 Hair:6.4.6.1 When capturing both frontal and profile images, thedecedents hair shall be moved to reveal the full face and ears.If excessive facial hair obscures facial components, then itshould be repositioned
23、to approximate a natural condition andthe line of growth should be made visible.6.4.6.2 In Fig. 4, the image on the left shows hair coveringportions of the face and ears; the image on the right shows thehair moved away from important facial components.6.4.7 Wounds or Fragments:6.4.7.1 In Fig. 5, the
24、 image on the left shows injuries to theright side of the decedents face; the image on the right showsan attempt was made to minimize the appearance of the facialtrauma. In this illustration, a hand is shown holding the mouthclosed.6.4.7.2 Introduction of additional potentially obscuringobjects, suc
25、h as the hand in this image, should be avoided whenpossible.FIG. 2 Placement of the Body Block to Adjust Head Position for Capturing Frontal Image from AboveE3148 1846.4.8 Mouth:6.4.8.1 If the decedents mouth is open, it should be closed.If the mouth does not remain closed after manual positioning,i
26、t might have to be held in place. If the presence of a hand inthe image is necessary for proper pose, the visibility of thehand should be minimized and should not obscure any portionof the face.6.4.8.2 In Fig. 6, the illustration on the left shows a decedentwith an open mouth; the illustration on th
27、e right shows a handholding the mouth in place. The hand in this illustration isplaced below the jaw so that the decedents entire chin andjawline are visible and unobstructed.6.4.9 Eyes:6.4.9.1 FR systems are dependent on facial features includ-ing the eye area and pupils. If needed, translucent tap
28、e can beused to tape open eyelids when they will not stay open aftermanual positioning. Efforts should be made to avoid coveringFIG. 3 Obscuring MatterEvidence of Resuscitation Efforts or Other Medical Intervention, as Shown in this Figure, Can Also ObstructPortions of the FaceFIG. 4 HairFIG. 5 Woun
29、ds or FragmentsE3148 185eyebrows with the tape. Two images should be taken: one withthe eyes closed and one with the eyes taped open.6.4.9.2 In Fig. 7, the illustration on the left shows thedecedents eyes half closed; the illustration on the right showsclear tape holding the decedents upper lids in
30、an open position.6.4.9.3 The extraction of vitreous fluid can have a substan-tial negative effect on the usability of the facial imagery. Ifpossible, the extraction of vitreous fluid from the eyes shouldbe delayed until after all facial imagery is captured.6.4.10 Eyeglasses:6.4.10.1 If it is known t
31、hat the decedent normally wearsglasses and the glasses are available, at least one frontal imageshould be captured with glasses and one image without glasses.Glare from eyeglasses should be avoided. Sunglasses orglasses with lenses that obscure the eye (for example, tintedlenses) should always be re
32、moved.6.4.10.2 In Fig. 8, the illustration on the left shows thedecedent with her glasses in place; the illustration on the rightshows the decedent with her glasses removed.6.4.11 ProstheticsIf the condition of the decedent sug-gests use of a prosthetic that would complete facial featuresand was lik
33、ely to have been regularly worn (for example, falseeye, dentures, etc.), and the device is present at the time ofpostmortem processing, it is recommended to photograph thedecedents face with the prosthetic in place.6.5 Facial Image Capture in a Semi-Controlled Environ-ment:6.5.1 Semi-controlled acqu
34、isition refers to when only someaspects of the environment or decedent can be controlled butnot all aspects of both (for example, disaster recovery or otherhumanitarian purposes).6.5.2 In a semi-controlled environment, follow the con-trolled environment guidelines in Section 6 wherever possible.When
35、 not possible, a facial image should be captured whileattempting the following (without damaging the decedent orface):6.5.2.1 Remove occlusions to expose the face and ears fully:(1) Clean blood, dirt, and debris from face;(2) Remove head coverings and body accessories; and(3) Move hair away from fac
36、e and ears;6.5.2.2 Remove glasses if present;6.5.2.3 Capture with a frontal pose with the eyes open;6.5.2.4 Capture an image with two profile poses with earsexposed; and6.5.2.5 Illuminate while minimizing side-to-side shadows:(1) Camera flash,(2) Flashlight, and(3) Capture with 1.2 m to 2.5 m (4 ft
37、to 8 ft) camera-to-subject distance to eliminate distortion.FIG. 6 MouthFIG. 7 EyesE3148 1866.6 Additional Information:6.6.1 Video:6.6.1.1 The use of video imaging to supplement still photosis desirable to complete or finalize the image capture. After thestill images are completed, a short video can
38、 capture detailsabsent from still images because of reflections, occlusions, orother factors.6.6.1.2 If this is done, video should be continuously cap-tured by steadily moving the camera in two separate arcs:(1) Beginning at the nose, the camera should move to theear on one side, back over the nose,
39、 and to the ear on the otherside, and(2) Beginning at the nose, the camera should move to thetop of the head, back over the nose, and to the bottom of thechin.6.6.2 Scars, Marks, and Tattoos (SMT):6.6.2.1 Agency policies will dictate how SMT imageryshould be taken and catalogued. As referenced in th
40、e NAMEForensic Autopsy Performance Standards, SMTs shall bephotographed and described for record-keeping and decedentidentification purposes.6.6.2.2 To support future work in automated searching andrecognition of SMTs, Annex E of ANSI/NIST-ITL-1-2011should be referenced. This document provides curre
41、nt textualdescriptions for cataloguing of SMTs.7. Keywords7.1 coroner; facial recognition; medical examinerASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised th
42、at determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reappr
43、oved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you f
44、eel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual re
45、prints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 8 EyeglassesE3148 187
