1、Designation: E3149 18Standard Guide forFacial Image Comparison Feature List for MorphologicalAnalysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3149; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide defines a set of facial components,characteristics, and descriptors to be considered during amorphological facial com
3、parison (see FISWG Best Practicesfor Facial Image Comparison Feature List for MorphologicalAnalysis).1.2 This set of facial components, characteristics, and de-scriptors describes the facial features that may be visible andcomparable between images.1.3 This guide defines a standard set of facial com
4、ponents,characteristics, and descriptors that should be used for facialcomparison.1.4 This guide does not define the comparison process itself,just the feature set to be used during such comparisons.1.5 This guide does not define a classification system toconstrain how those descriptors shall be art
5、iculated as appliedto samples.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regul
6、atory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Or
7、ganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 FISWG Standards:2FISWG Best Practices for Facial Image Comparison FeatureList for Morphological Analysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 characteristic descriptors, nminutiae of the compo-nent characteristics.3.1.2 c
8、omponent characteristics, ndetailed features of thefacial components.3.1.3 facial components, ngross features considered invirtually all comparisons.4. Significance and Use4.1 Morphological analysis used for facial comparisonshould utilize consistent terminology and methodology. Thisguide provides a
9、 standard set of facial components,characteristics, and descriptors to be used as a framework inconjunction with a systematic method of analysis for facialimage comparison.4.2 The order of the facial components in this set ispresented from the top of the face to the bottom, not in orderof importance
10、 or priority.4.3 Within this guide, the term “face” generally refers to theface, head, and neck inclusively unless specified otherwise.4.4 There are several instances in this guide in which theterm “distance” or “approximate distance” is used. When thisterm is used in this guide, it does not mean to
11、 imply that theprecise value of this dimension shall be determined, but ratherthe relative size of this dimension compared to the overallwidth or height of the face, if not otherwise specified. In thisguide, it is recommended that photoanthropometry not be usedat all because of its limitations.5. Fa
12、cial Feature List5.1 The following feature list contains nineteen (19) facialcomponents, each of which is further divided into two levels ofdetail.5.2 The facial components are gross features to be consid-ered in virtually all comparisons. The tables in 5.3 furtherexpands each facial component into
13、a set of componentcharacteristics and their associated characteristic descriptors.NOTE 1In the figures, dotted lines indicate the position, orientation, orlocation of the feature, or combination thereof.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct
14、 responsibility of Subcommittee E30.12 on Digital andMultimedia Evidence.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published August 2018. DOI: 10.1520/E3149-18.2Available from Facial Identification Scientific Working Group (FISWG),http:/www.fiswg.org/documents.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
15、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendat
16、ions issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.3 Facial ComponentsThe human facial components aremultifaceted and when imaging conditions allow, it may bepossible to subdivide these components further. Any standardprocedure using facial comparison analysis
17、 should consider allof the following facial components: Skin, Face/Head Outline,Face/Head Composition, Hair, Forehead, Eyebrows, Eyes,Cheeks, Nose, Ears, Mouth, Chin/Jawline, Neck, Facial Hair,Facial Lines, Scars, Facial Marks, and Alterations. If featuresare present and observable on a face that ca
18、nnot fit into thecategories below, those features should be considered andincluded as part of 5.3.19.5.3.1 Skin“Skin” refers to the overall appearance of theskin. See Table 1.TABLE 1 SkinComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsOverall skin appearance Overall textureOverall tone (for exam
19、ple,luminance, and color)5.3.2 Face/Head Outline“Face/head outline” refers to theoverall shape of the head (cranial vault) and face. See Table 2and Fig. 1.TABLE 2 Face/Head OutlineComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsShape of cranial vault Portrait contourProfile contourOverall shape
20、of face Portrait contourProfile contour5.3.3 Face/Head Composition“Face/head composition”refers to the overall configuration of the facial components, toinclude their alignment and relative sized, internal to a singleface. See Table 3 and Figs. 23and 3.TABLE 3 Face/Head CompositionComponent Characte
21、ristics Characteristic DescriptorsProportions/position of features onfaceApproximate width of nose relativeto eye distances (for example,interpupillary distance, individualeye width, or overall distancebetween outer corners)Approximate width of mouth relativeto eye distancesApproximate width of nose
22、 relativeto mouthApproximate distance from nose toupper lip relative to face lengthApproximate distance from chin tolower lip relative to face lengthEar position relative to eyes, nose,and mouthEye position relative to face length5.3.4 Hair“Hair” refers to the shape and distribution ofhead hair and
23、does not include other facial hair (eyebrows,lashes, facial hair). Hair includes the appearance of the hairitself and the sections of hairline and baldness patterns.Hairline refers to the contour of the edge of the hair along thetop and sides of the forehead to the top of the ears. Cranialbaldness p
24、attern refers to apparent baldness affecting thehairline as well as gaps on the crown and sides of the head. SeeTable 4 and Fig. 4.TABLE 4 HairComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsHair Shape/spatial distribution (includingoverall hair length)TextureSymmetryDensity and distribution of
25、density(including gaps)Tonality and variation in color/tonalityForehead hairline Detailed shape (for example,symmetry, “widows peak,” “partline,” “cowlick”)Hairline right side Detailed shapeHairline left sideCranial baldness pattern Detailed shape and distribution5.3.5 Forehead“Forehead” refers to t
26、he part of the faceabove the eyes, including the brow ridges. See Table 5 and Fig.5.TABLE 5 ForeheadComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsForehead shape Relative heightRelative widthSlope/contour (visible in profile)Brow ridges ProminenceContinuity5.3.6 Eyebrows“Eyebrows” refers to the
27、 strips of hairabove the eyes. See Table 6 and Fig. 6.TABLE 6 EyebrowsComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsRight eyebrowLeft eyebrowShape (may include detailedobservations)Size (width and length of eyebrowrelative to eye size)Lateral eyebrow vertical end positionrelative to medial eye
28、brow verticalposition (tilt of eyebrow) (“A” in Fig.6)Vertical end position of lateraleyebrow relative to the lateralcanthus (“B” in Fig. 6)Vertical end position of medialeyebrow relative to the medialcanthus (“C” in Fig. 6)Horizontal end position of lateraleyebrow relative to lateral canthus(“D” in
29、 Fig. 6)Horizontal end position of medialeyebrow relative to medial canthus(“E” in Fig. 6)Conjoined left-right eyebrows(“unibrow”)Density of hair within eyebrow anddistribution of densityHair details (for example, texture,length, thickness, shape, and color)Noticeably longer hairsAsymmetry between r
30、ight and lefteyebrowsOverall shape, size, position, hairdetails, and so forth (see individualeyebrow descriptors)5.3.7 Eyes“Eyes” refers to the orbital region below theeyebrows and above the cheeks. See Table 7 and Figs. 79.TABLE 7 EyesComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsIntercanthal
31、 distance Distance between inner corners ofthe right and left eyes3Vegter, F., and Hage, J., “Clinical Anthropometry and Canons of the Face inHistorical Perspective,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Vol 106, No. 5, 2000,pp. 10901096.E3149 182TABLE 7 ContinuedComponent Characteristics Characteris
32、tic DescriptorsInterpupillary distance Distance between the center of theright and left pupilsRight eye fissure opening ShapeLeft eye fissure opening(outline)Angle angle from inner corner andouter corner (when eyes arehorizontal)Right upper eyelidLeft upper eyelidProminence (for example, visibility,
33、folds, including epicanthic fold)(including lashes) ProtrusionVisibility of the crease above theupper eyelid (superior palpebralfurrow)Position in relation to iris or pupil, orbothLash characteristics (for example,length, density, flow, irregular)Right lower eyelidLeft lower eyelidProminence (for ex
34、ample, visibility,folds)(including lashes) ProtrusionVisibility of the crease below thelower eyelid (inferior palpebralfurrow)Visibility of infraorbital furrow (aplace where a line or wrinkle mayappear parallel to and below thelower eyelid running from near theinner canthus and following cheekbone l
35、aterally)Position in relation to iris or pupil, orbothLash characteristics (for example,length, density, flow, irregular)Right eyeball prominence Degree of protrusionLeft eyeball prominenceRight eye scleraLeft eye scleraVisibility of blood vessels anddefectsColorRight iris ColorLeft iris VisibilityD
36、iameter relative to eye openingPosition relative to eye opening (infront view)Irregularity in pupilRight eye medial canthusLeft eye medial canthusCaruncle (fleshy prominence atinner eye corner)Shape and angle of inner corner ofthe eyeRight eye lateral canthusLeft eye lateral canthusShape and angle o
37、f outer corner ofthe eyeAsymmetry between right and lefteyesShape, angleOff-set (for example, one eye higherthan the other)Eyelids (for example, one drooping,one retracted) and eyelashesColorIris and pupil position (for example,cross-eyed)Overall shape, size, position, and soforth (see individual ey
38、edescriptors)5.3.8 Cheeks“Cheeks” refers to the regions surrounded bythe eyes, ears, nose, mouth, chin, and jawline. See Table 8.TABLE 8 CheeksComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsRight cheekbone ProminenceLeft cheekboneRight cheek shape Presence of dimpleLeft cheek shape(soft tissue)
39、5.3.9 Nose“Nose” refers to the entire nasal region. SeeTable 9 and Fig. 10.TABLE 9 NoseComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsNasal outline (profile and front view) Overall shapeLength or width or bothProminenceSymmetryNasal root (bridge) Front view: width, length, shape,depthProfile vi
40、ew: length, depth, angleNasal body Front view: width, length, shape,angleProfile view: length, angle, contourNasal tip Shape (in front and profile view,including whether or not the tip isbifid)Angle (for example, up, down)SymmetryNasal base WidthHeightDeviation to the right or leftNasal base: alae (
41、wings of nose) ThicknessSymmetryShapeNasal base: nostrils (nasal openings) Shape and size of openingSymmetryHairNasal base: columella (soft tissuebetween nostrils)Width and lengthRelative positionSymmetry5.3.10 Ears“Ears” refers to the external characteristics ofthe ears. See Table 10 and Figs. 11 a
42、nd 12.TABLE 10 EarsComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsAsymmetry between left and right ears SizeShapeProtrusionPositioning (for example, one higherthan the other)Right ear protrusion Extent of protrusionLeft ear protrusionOverall right ear SizeOverall left ear ShapeAngleRight ear he
43、lixsuperior/inferior (tail) SizeLeft ear helixsuperior/inferior (tail) ShapeRight ear tubercles (auricular/Darwinstubercle)SizeLeft ear tubercles (auricular/Darwinstubercle)ShapeQuantityE3149 183TABLE 10 ContinuedComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsRight ear antihelix SizeLeft ear an
44、tihelix ShapeRight ear crura of antihelix (superiorcrux, inferior crux)SizeLeft ear crura of antihelix (superiorcrux, inferior crux)ShapeRight ear triangular fossa SizeLeft ear triangular fossa ShapeRight ear crus of helix SizeLeft ear crus of helix ShapeRight ear scaphoid fossa SizeLeft ear scaphoi
45、d fossa ShapeRight ear concha (superior, inferior) SizeLeft ear concha (superior, inferior) ShapeRight ear tragus SizeLeft ear tragus ShapeProtrusionRight ear antitragus SizeLeft ear antitragus ShapeProtrusionRight ear intertragic/intertragal notch SizeLeft ear intertragic/intertragal notch ShapeRig
46、ht ear anterior knob SizeLeft ear anterior knob ShapeRight ear anterior notch SizeLeft ear anterior notch ShapeRight ear posterior auricular furrow SizeLeft ear posterior auricular furrow ShapeRight ear lobule (lobe) SizeLeft ear lobule (lobe) ShapeAttached or detachedEar abnormalities For example,
47、cleft lobe, “cauliflowerear”5.3.11 Mouth“Mouth” refers to the entire oral regionincluding the teeth and encompasses the philtrum. See Table 11and Fig. 13.TABLE 11 MouthComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsPhiltrum ProminenceWidth of ridgesWidth of furrowSymmetryOverall mouth ShapeSymm
48、etryUpper lip ShapeFullnessProtrusionSymmetryUpper vermilion border shape (forexample, “Cupids bow”) anddefinitionDetail (for example, tubercle, lipcreases, alae)TABLE 11 ContinuedComponent Characteristics Characteristic DescriptorsLower lip ShapeFullnessProtrusionSymmetryLower vermilion border shap
49、e anddefinitionDetail (for example, median sulcus,tori, lip creases)Lip fissure (opening between lips) ShapeSymmetryDegree of contact/occlusion alonglength of openingCorners/angles of mouth (labialcommissure)Mouth asymmetry Difference between left and rightsidesOverall dental occlusion (contactbetween upper and lower teeth)SymmetryDegree of contact/occlusionGnathism (apparent convexity orconcavity of the mouth complex,related to the relative projection ofthe upper or lower teeth, or both)Expression (for example, uppergums/teeth protrude, lower gums/teeth pro
