1、Designation: E3164 18Standard Guide forSediment Corrective Action Monitoring1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide pertains to corrective action monitoringbefore, during and after sediment remediation activities. It doesnot address monitoring performed duri
3、ng remedialinvestigations, risk assessments performed before the correc-tive action, and pre-design investigations. This standard pri-marily focuses on the approach for remedial actions performedunder the Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Thus, many ofthe
4、 references cited are CERCLAoriented. The standard is alsoapplicable to remedial actions performed under state, federaland international cleanup programs, but the standard does notdescribe requirements for each jurisdiction. The requirementsfor the regulatory entity under which the cleanup is perfor
5、medshould be reviewed to confirm they are met.1.2 This guide provides a framework, which includeswidely accepted considerations and best practices for monitor-ing sediment remedy effectiveness. The monitoring sedimentstandard guide is intended to complement and support theselection of monitoring tec
6、hniques, not supersede local, state,federal or international community regulations.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmenta
7、l practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Gui
8、des and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD7363 Test Method for Determination of Parent an
9、d AlkylPolycyclic Aromatics in Sediment Pore Water UsingSolid-Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry in Selected Ion Monitoring ModeE1391 Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, andManipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing andfor Selection of Samplers Used
10、to Collect Benthic Inver-tebratesE2616 Guide for Remedy Selection Integrating Risk-BasedCorrective Action and Non-Risk Considerations2.2 Referenced Documents:Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Manage-ment Officials, Framework for Long-Term Monitoring ofHazardous Substances at Sediment
11、Sites, SedimentsGroup, January 2009Bridges, T. S., K. E. Gustavson, P.R. Schroeder, S. J. Ells, D.Hayes, S. Nadeau, M. R. Palermo, and C. Pat-mont, “Dredging Processes and Remedy Effectiveness:Relationship to the 4 Rs of Environmental Dredging,”Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management,Vol
12、6, No. 4, October 2010, pp. 619630Burgess, R. M., S. B. Kane Driscoll, A. Burton, P. M.Gschwend, U. Ghosh, D. Reible, S. Ahn, and T. Thomp-son, Laboratory, Field, and Analytical Procedures forUsing Passive Sampling in the Evaluation of Contami-nated Sediments: Users Manual, EPA/600/R-16/357, U.S.Env
13、ironmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,February 2017Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Sediment CappingResource Guide for Manufactured Gas Plant Sites, EPRI,Palo Alto, CA, November 2008Magar,V. S., D. B. Chadwick, P. C. Fuchsman, J. M. Conder,T. J. Dekker, J. A. Steevens, K. E. Gustav
14、son, and M. A.Mills, Technical Guide, Monitored Natural Resource atContaminated Sediment Sites, ESTCP Project ER-0622,Environmental Security Technology CertificationProgram, Alexandria, VA, May 2009Gustavson, K. E., and M. Greenberg, Chapter 14, Monitor-ing Remedial Effectiveness, In: Reible, D.D. (
15、ed.),Processes, Assessment and Remediation of ContaminatedSediments, Springer Science + Business Media, NewYork, NY, 20141This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.
16、04 on CorrectiveAction. Current edition approved May 1,2018. Published August 2018. DOI: 10.1520/E316418.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar
17、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decisi
18、on on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Interstate Technology are usually naturally occurring (con-sistently present in the environment, but not influenced byhuman a
19、ctivity) or anthropogenic (influenced by humanactivity, but not related to specific activities at the site).3.1.4 baseline monitoring, nabiotic and biotic monitoringto establish ambient concentrations prior to the commencementof remediation.3.1.5 benthic community, nassemblage of aquatic inverte-bra
20、tes that live/reside in the sediments.3.1.6 bioavailability, nthe relationship between external(or applied) dose and internal (or resulting) dose of thechemical(s) being considered for an effect (NRC 2003).3.1.7 biologically active zone (aka biotic zone), nthe zoneof greatest organism-substrate inte
21、raction (Determination ofthe Biologically Relevant Sampling Depth for Terrestrial andAquatic Ecological RiskAssessments, Ecological RiskAssess-ment Support Center EPA, October 2015).3.1.8 biota, nthe flora and fauna living in a habitat(Glossary of Bioassessment Terms, Wetland BioassessmentFact Sheet
22、 10 EPA843-F-98-001e, Office of Water EPA,July 1998)3.1.9 capping, nthe process of placing a material overcontaminated sediments to mitigate risk posed by those sedi-ments.3.1.10 conceptual site model, nthe integrated representa-tion of the physical and environmental context, the completeand potenti
23、ally complete exposure pathways and the potentialfate and transport of chemicals(s) of concern at a site. The siteconceptual model should include both the current understand-ing of the site and the understanding of the potential futureconditions and uses for the site. It provides a method toconduct
24、the exposure pathway evaluation, inventory the expo-sure pathways evaluated, and determine the status of theexposure pathways as incomplete, potentially complete, orcomplete. (ASTM E50.04, E2616)3.1.11 corrective action objectives (CAOs), ndescribeswhat the corrective action is expected to accomplis
25、h, based onthe conceptual site model and the exposure pathways that posean unacceptable risk as determined in a risk assessment. CAOsare specific and achievable goals for reducing risk to humanhealth and the environment.3.1.12 cover material, nalternative term for “backfill”.3.1.13 environmental dre
26、dging, nthe removal of contami-nated sediment to reduce risks to human health and theenvironment.3.1.14 enhanced monitored natural recovery (EMNR), naremediation practice that applies clean material or amendmentsto the sediment surface to accelerate natural recovery pro-cesses.3.1.15 data quality ob
27、jectives (DQOs), nthe monitoringgoals for collecting data. DQOs include the performance andacceptance criteria that define whether data meet the monitor-ing goals.3.1.16 fish community, nan assemblage or association ofpopulations of two or more fish species occupying the samegeographical area (for e
28、xample, stream reach) during a par-ticular time.3.1.17 freely dissolved contaminants, nthe concentrationof the chemical that is dissipated in water and bioavailable tobiota, excluding the portion sorbed onto particulate and dis-solved organic carbon (kg of chemical/L of water).E3164 1833.1.18 ground
29、water-surface water transport, nprocess bywhich surface water readily exchanges with groundwaterthrough the subsurface volume of sediment and porous space.3.1.19 in situ treatment, napplication of amendment ma-terials to the sediment intended to mix (either naturally ormechanically) into sediments a
30、nd reduce the bioavailablefraction of contamination in porewater.3.1.20 in situ solidification, na remediation approach thatmixes solidification agents (for example, Portland cement) intoimpacted sediments that are intended to reduce sedimentpermeability and the mobility of contamination within the
31、bulksediment.3.1.21 monitored natural recovery (MNR), na remediationpractice that relies on natural processes to protect the environ-ment and receptors from unacceptable exposures to contami-nants.3.1.22 post remedy monitoring, (aka long-term monitoring),nmonitoring to determine whether contaminants
32、 of potentialenvironmental concern (COPECs) concentrations in affectedmedia met CAOs, or continue to decrease and are expected tomeet CAOs in an acceptable time frame.3.1.22.1 performance monitoring, npost remedy monitor-ing conducted to determine if the remedy is performing asdesigned. It evaluates
33、 the remedial technology.3.1.22.2 effectiveness monitoring, npost remedy monitor-ing to confirm the CAOs are met.3.1.23 porewater, nwater located in the interstitial voids(between solid-phase particles) of bulk sediments.3.1.24 remedial investigation, nthe contaminated site in-vestigation performed
34、prior to remedial alternative selection todetermine if the nature and extent of contamination is atunacceptable levels and warrants any potential remedial action.3.1.25 remedy implementation monitoring, (aka construc-tion monitoring), nmonitoring of conditions during remedia-tion to determine if des
35、ign criteria have been achieved.3.1.26 representative background concentrations, nachemical concentration that is inclusive of naturally occurringsources and anthropogenic sources similar to those present at asite, but not related to site releases and site-related activities.3.1.27 residuals, nuntre
36、ated contamination that remainsin the sediment after dredging sediment.3.1.28 sediment(s), na matrix of pore water and particlesincluding gravel, sand, silt, clay and other natural and anthro-pogenic substances that have settled at the bottom of a tidal ornon-tidal body of water.4. Significance and
37、UseNOTE 1This standard should be used in conjunction with otherreference material to guide the user in developing and implementingsediment corrective action monitoring programs.4.1 Activities described in this guide should be conductedby persons familiar with current sediment site characterizationan
38、d remediation techniques.4.2 This guide may be used by various parties involved insediment corrective action programs, including regulatoryagencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants,toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals,environmental contractors, analytical testing
39、 laboratories, datavalidators, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders,which may include, but are not limited to, owners, buyers,developers, lenders, insurers, government agencies, and com-munity members and groups.4.3 This guide is not intended to supplant applicable regu-lations. Instead
40、this guide may be used to complement andsupport such regulatory requirements.4.4 This guide provides a decision framework based onover-arching features and elements that should be customizedby the user based on site-specific conditions, regulatorycontext, and sediment corrective action objectives. T
41、his guideshould not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.5 This guide provides a systematic, but flexible decisionframework to accommodate variations in approaches by regu-latory agency and by the user based on project objectives, sitecomplexity, unique site features, regulatory requirements,
42、newly developed guidance, newly published scientificresearch, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientificknowledge and technical capability, and unforeseen circum-stances.4.6 Implementation of the guide is site-specific. The usermay choose to customize the implementation of the guide forp
43、articular types of sites, especially smaller, less complex sites.4.7 When applying this guide, the user should undertake asystematic project planning and scoping process to collectinformation to assist in making site-specific, user-defineddecisions for a particular project. Planning activities shoul
44、dinclude the following factors: (a) Assemble an experiencedteam of project professionals; (b) Identify the applicableregulatory program(s); (c) Engage stakeholders early and oftenin the planning process; (d) Define, agree on, and documentclearly stated project objectives and intended outcomes;(e) Re
45、cognize that sediment programs are complex, uncertaintyis high, that an appropriate project-specific approach may bedeveloped with the investment of time and effort, and thatcompromise and uncertainty are inherent in the process;(f) Compile existing site data; and (g) Establish a plan fordocumenting
46、 and reporting key decisions and results. Theseproject planning and scoping activities should be carriedforward as the project progresses.4.8 The users of this guide should consider assembling ateam of experienced project professionals with appropriateexpertise to scope, plan and execute a sediment
47、data acquisi-tion program. The team may include: regulatory agencies,project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, riskassessors, site remediation professionals, environmentalcontractors, analytical testing laboratories, and data reviewers,data validators, data users, and other stakeho
48、lders.4.9 The users of this guide are encouraged to engage keystakeholders early and often in the project planning andscoping process, especially regulators, project sponsors, andservice providers. A concerted ongoing effort should be madeby the user to continuously engage stakeholders as the projec
49、tprogresses in order to gain insight, technical support and inputE3164 184for resolving technical issues and challenges that may ariseduring project implementation.4.10 The users of this guide should establish a plan fordocumenting and reporting the results of the project planningprocess, including: key challenges, options considered, deci-sions taken, analytical approach details, data acquisitionresults, and project outcomes relative to project objectives.4.11 The users of this guide are encouraged to continuouslyupdate and refine the conceptu
