1、Designation: F109 11Standard Terminology Relating toSurface Imperfections on Ceramics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfectionsobserved on whitewares and related products. For additionaldefinitions of terms relating
3、to whitewares and related prod-ucts, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects,examination shall be performed visually, with or without theaid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949.Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regardingspecific techniques of observation is
4、 strongly recommended.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProductsC502 Test Method for Wedging of Flat, Rectangular Ce-ramic Wall and Floor TileC949 Test Method for Porosity in Vitreous Whitewares byDye PenetrationE165 Practice for Liquid Pene
5、trant Examination for GeneralIndustry3. Terminologyblemishstrained or discolored area attributable to normalcomposition or forming, or both. (See also inclusion.)blisterbubble or gaseous inclusion at the surface which ifbroken could form a pit, pock, or hole.burrfragment of excess material or foreig
6、n particle adheringto the surface.cambera single arch of curvature. (See also waviness.)chiparea along an edge or corner where the material hasbroken off.where:w = widthl = length, andd = depth.closed chipfractured area on the edge or corner when the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of AST
7、M Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of C21.01Editorial and Teminology on Nomenclature.Current edition approved March 15, 2011. Published April 2011. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last previous edition approved 2009 as F109 09. DOI:10.1520/F0109-11
8、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
9、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.material has not broken off (Syn. potential chip).where:W = widthl = length, andd = depth.crackline of fracture without complete separation.crawlinga parting and contraction of the glaze on the surfaceof ceramic ware during drying or firing, res
10、ulting in un-glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.crazingthe cracking that occurs in fired glazes or otherceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses, may alsooccur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) white-ware bodies.diagonal warpagethe departure of the center of a tile fromthe
11、plane in which three of the four corners of the tile lie.edge warpagethe departure of the center of one edge of atile from the plane in which three of the four corners lie.finfine feather-edge protrusion from the surface (Syn. flash).F109 112flow lineone or more streaks distinguished by a difference
12、 inlight reflectance from the surrounding area, charateristic ofinjection-molded parts. (See also weld mark.)grinding marka pattern of fine striations or scoring, usuallydirectional, resulting from machining, as distinct from sur-face marksholea deep depression or void, the bottom of which is notvis
13、ible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc illumination.inclusionembedded foreign material or a stain other thanfrom normal composition or forming, or both (see blemish).kinka type of waviness occurring interior to the edges, not tobe confused with the more abrupt departures as ridges orsurface mark
14、s. (See also waviness.)lumpa raised area on the surface having the appearance ofbeing solid.F109 113metal markslines on the surface of a ceramic body or glazecaused by drawing a hard metal, such as a knife, across thesurface.peelingcompressive stresses in a fired glaze or other ceramiccoating of suf
15、ficient magnitude to exceed the strength ofadhesion between the glaze and the body.pinholesimperfections in the surface of a ceramic glazeresembling pin pricks.pita shallow depression or crater in which all surfaces arevisible by normal (20/20) vision under 200 fc of illumina-tion.pocka partially cl
16、osed surface cavity.where:w = width.porean internal cavity which may be exposed by cutting,grinding, or polishing to become a pit, pock, or hole.F109 114porous areaan area that will retain dye when tested inaccordance with Practice E165 and, if broken through at theporous area, will show evidence of
17、 dye penetration into thebody.ridgelong, narrow protrusion on any surface.rima protrusion, usually of base material, bordering eitherpartially or completelly a hole, pit, or pock.specka discrete particle of unreacted or unwanted material ina ceramic body or glaze.surface marksrelatively long, narrow
18、, shallow grooves orcuts in the surface, such as scratches, score marks, andmachining marks. (See also grinding markwavinessa long-order departure from flatness as opposed tosharp discontinuities. Amplitude is in excess of specifiedsurface finish. In general, waviness will exhibit a number ofinflect
19、ion points that, if connected, would form a line whosepath may be open or closed (Syn. warp).wedgingthe deviation of the corners of a tile from 90, asmeasured by a wedging apparatus (Test Method C502).weld marka deep groove or fissure formed by incompleteunion of two or more particles or streams of
20、material flowingtogether.F109 115ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof
21、 infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this s
22、tandard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake you
23、r views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F109 116
