1、Designation: F355 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forImpact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, OtherProtective Sport Systems, and Materials Used for Athletics,Recreation and Play1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F355; the number immediately following the
2、designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the
3、impact attenuation ofsurface systems and materials, specifically the peak impactacceleration (“impact shock”) produced under prescribed im-pact conditions.1.2 This test method is applicable to natural and artificialsurface systems intended to provide impact attenuation, includ-ing natural and artifi
4、cial turf sports fields.1.3 This test method is applicable to impact attenuatingmats and padding used in sports facilities, including stadiumwall padding, gymnastic mats, wrestling mats, turf playingsystems, pole vault landing systems, playground protectivesurfacing, and other systems.1.4 This test
5、method is used to measure the impact attenu-ation of materials and components used as protective paddingon trampoline frames, goal posts, etc., provided the material orcomponent can be tested separately from the equipment towhich it is attached.1.5 Without modifications, this test method shall not b
6、e usedto test materials and components that are attached to structuresor equipment or finished products, unless the impact attenua-tion of the whole system is of interest.1.6 While it is widely believed that appropriate impactattenuation can reduce the risk of impact-related injuries, therelationshi
7、ps between the results of this test method andspecific injury risk and outcomes have not been determined.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
8、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1596 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushio
9、ning Char-acteristics of Packaging MaterialE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Preci
10、sion of a Test MethodF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of SportsSurfaces and Equipment2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J211/1 Instrumentation for Impact Tests - Part 1 -Electronic Instrumentati
11、on (rev. July 2007)33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms related to impact testing of sportssurfaces equipment can be found in Terminology F2650,except as noted.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 HIC interval, nthe time interval within theacceleration-time history of an impact over which the HICintegral is eva
12、luated.3.2.2 impact, ncontact caused by a moving object (forexample, an impact test missile) striking another object (forexample, a surface) and during which one or both bodies aresubject to high accelerations.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Play
13、ing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F355 10a. DOI: 10.1520/F0355-16.2For referenced ASTM
14、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096
15、-0001, http:/www.sae.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.3 impact test, na procedure in which the impactattenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials isdetermined by measuring the acceleration of a mis
16、sile droppedonto the surface.3.2.4 free-fall impact test, nan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, ormechanisms or structures of any type.3.2.5 guided impact test, nan impact test in which thetrajectory of the missile is restrained by rails, wires, or
17、othermechanism or structure.3.2.6 impact test results, none or more measured orcalculated values from one or more impact tests used to definethe impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacingmaterials.3.2.7 impact test site, npoint on the surface of an installedplayground surface that is se
18、lected as the target of an impacttest.3.2.8 impact velocity, nthe velocity (V0) of a falling body(for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.3.2.9 missile, na rigid object of specified mass and dimen-sions; used to impart an impact to a surface.3.2.10 impact test system, na device or system fo
19、r per-forming an impact test in which an instrumented missile asdescribed in Annex A1 and Annex A2 is used to impact thesurface or surfacing materials as specified in the appropriatespecification or test procedure.3.2.11 missile reference plane, nthe plane of the flatcircular face of the hemispheric
20、al missile.3.2.12 reference drop height, na specification of the theo-retical drop height of an impact test.3.2.13 reference MEP pad, na modular elastomer pro-grammer pad with consistent and known impact attenuationproperties that is used to verify proper functioning of theimpact test equipment.3.2.
21、14 theoretical drop height, nthe drop height (h) that,under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocityequal to a missiles measured impact velocity (V0). Thestandard conditions assume that friction and air resistance donot affect the acceleration of the missile and that the accelera-tion
22、 due to gravity is equal to the standard value of g at sealevel. In a free-fall impact test, the actual drop height willapproximate the theoretical drop height. In a guided impacttest, the theoretical drop height will be less than the actual dropheight, due to the effects of friction in the guidance
23、 mechanism.3.3 Definitions of Terms Related to the Measurement ofAcceleration Used in Annexes:3.3.1 accelerometer, na transducer for measuring accel-eration.3.3.1.1 transducer, nthe first device in data channel, usedto convert a physical quantity to be measured into a secondquantity (such as an elec
24、trical voltage) which can be processedby the remainder of the channel.3.3.1.2 triaxial accelerometer, na transducer or combina-tion of transducers used for measuring the three vector com-ponents of acceleration in three dimensions, relative to threeorthogonal spatial axes.3.3.1.3 uniaxial accelerome
25、ter, na transducer used tomeasure the component of acceleration relative to a singlespatial axis.3.3.2 accelerometer data channel, nall of the instrumen-tation used to communicate information about the physicalquantity of acceleration from its origin to the point of presen-tation. The data channel i
26、ncludes all transducers, signalconditioners, amplifiers, filters, digitizers, recording devices,cables and interconnectors through which the informationpasses and also includes the analytical software or proceduresthat may change the frequency, amplitude, or timing of thedata.4. Summary of Test Meth
27、od4.1 A test specimen is impacted at a specified velocity witha specific missile of given mass and geometry as stipulated ina specification or test method. An accelerometer mounted inthe missile is used to record the acceleration-time history of theimpact and the peak acceleration is used as a measu
28、re of impactseverity. Optionally, the displacement history of the impactmay also be recorded.4.2 This test method defines three missiles for use in playingsurface impact tests:4.2.1 Missiles A and D are both cylindrical, with specifiedmass and geometry and a circular, flat, metal impactingsurface. T
29、hese missiles are used with a guidance mechanism.4.2.2 Missile E has a hemispherical impacting surface ofspecified mass and geometry and is used with a guidancesystem or, if equipped with a triaxial accelerometer, withoutguidance (“free-fall”).4.2.3 The specific masses and geometries of the missiles
30、 aredetailed in Annex A1.5. Significance and Use5.1 The results of this method quantify the impact attenua-tion of playing surface and system specimens under the specifictest conditions.5.2 The test method measures the outcome of impactsperformed under specific conditions. It does not quantify thein
31、trinsic material properties of the tested specimens.5.3 Test results from different specimens obtained under thesame conditions (that is, the same missile mass and geometry,drop height, etc.) are used to compare impact attenuation underthose conditions.5.4 Test results obtained under different condi
32、tions are notcomparable. Specifically obtained with different missiles arenot equivalent and cannot be directly compared. Similarly, testresults obtained using the same missile, but using differentdrop heights, are not directly comparable.6. Apparatus6.1 The user is to select the appropriate apparat
33、us as calledfor in the test method or specification for the testing.NOTE 1The apparatus is detailed in Annex A1.F355 1627. Test Specimen7.1 Test specimens shall represent the surface system orprotective padding as it is intended to be used. The minimumdistance between the outer dimension of the miss
34、ile and theedge of the specimen shall be at least 25.4 mm (1 in.) and noless than the thickness of the specimen.7.2 Where the sample is to be tested in a controlledlaboratory a method of confinement for the sample is requiredwhen specified in the appropriate standard.7.3 Where the test is to be perf
35、ormed on an installed surfaceor in a location where it is to be used, there will be a testingprotocol in the system specifications that will state the testprocedure. The procedure can include, the theoretical dropheight, test locations, surface preparation, temperature andrequirements for the collec
36、tion, recording and reporting ofdata.7.4 Where the missiles and Annex A1 and Annex A2 areused in the testing of surface systems, the appropriate specifi-cation shall provide any reference or confirmation proceduresrequired.8. Number of Specimens8.1 The number of specimens tested as a sample can vary
37、widely, depending upon the intended use of the data. It isrecommended that at least two specimens be tested for each setof conditions. To obtain a specific quality assurance level, thesampling procedures of Practices E105 and E122 shall befollowed.8.2 The appropriate specification will have requirem
38、ents fornumber and size of samples required for laboratory testing.8.3 Where the testing is to take place at the site ofinstallation or use, the appropriate standard will providedirection to the person performing the testing as to the numberof test locations and how they are determined.9. Conditioni
39、ng Laboratory Testing9.1 Do not stack the specimens during any conditioning.They shall be under the intended use condition or precondi-tioned at 50 6 2 % relative humidity and 23 6 2C for aminimum of 4 h, or until desired temperature is attained.Samples to be tested at other than these conditions sh
40、all bestored in the desired environment for at least 4 h, or until theyreach the desired temperature, before testing. Samples shall betested (that is, impacted) within 10 s after removal from theenvironmental chamber. Samples shall be returned to theenvironmental chamber within 20 s after impact and
41、 stored forat least 2 h between drops. Testing at other than ambientprecludes conducting successive drops at short time intervals.9.2 The specification to which the sample is being testedwill outline all requirements for conditioning of laboratory testsamples.9.3 The specification to which the surfa
42、ce system is beingtested in the field will outline all requirements of conditioningor preparation requirements for the surface or the selection ofthe test location.NOTE 2Due to differing thermal conductivities and the extreme timedependence of temperature profiles in most materials exposed to extrem
43、esurface temperature changes there may be variability introduced by thistype of testing.10. Procedure10.1 Perform an instrument check as described for theappropriate instrument in Annex A1 and Annex A2. Referencedrops are performed appropriate to the test.10.2 Place the specimen under the missile, o
44、r orient thedynamic test equipment over the playing surface system.10.3 Determine the baseline by preloading the test specimento 6.8 kPa (1.0 psi) for Procedure A and adjusting the recorderto read zero penetration. When testing at other than ambientconditions, determine the baseline with the sample
45、at thedesired test temperature.10.4 Set the theoretical drop height to obtain the desiredimpact velocity.10.5 Release the missile, and record the results in accor-dance with the recommended procedures of the equipmentmanufacturers.10.6 Make three consecutive drops at intervals of 1 6 0.5min, unless
46、otherwise specified (see Annex A1).10.7 Ensure the measured drop height corresponds with thetheoretical drop height.11. Evaluation of the Data11.1 Select the appropriate calculations as the relevantspecification.11.2 GmaxDetermine the maximum deceleration in thetime-deceleration history to the close
47、st G.11.3 The drop test data shall be reviewed at the time oftesting and evaluated for Gmax, velocity, and anomalies in thedata, for example large variation in peak from one drop to theother for the same location, that could affect the validity of thedata.11.3.1 Where an anomaly is found, the testin
48、g shall beterminated and the device brought into compliance prior toproceeding.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Complete identification of material tested, includingtype, source, manufacturers lot number (if appropriate), thick-ness (if measureable), and any other pertinent inf
49、ormation,12.1.2 Conditions of test, including temperatures, humidity,and any other pertinent data,12.1.3 Date of test,12.1.4 Procedure used and missile description, includingmass and geometry,12.1.5 Method of determining the baseline,12.1.6 Impact velocity,12.1.7 Average values of last two of three impacts or asspecified,12.1.8 Gmax, and12.1.9 Head Injury Criterion (HIC) depending on specifica-tion.F355 16312.2 Where additional reporting requirements are called forin the standard that the test is being performed to, this shall beadded to that report.13. P
